Identification the Role of Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Photovoltaics via Advanced Atomic Force Microscope.

Atomicforce microscopy (AFM)-based scanning probing techniques, including Kelvinprobe force microscopy (KPFM) and conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM), have been widely applied to investigate thelocal electromagnetic, physical, or molecular characteristics of functional materials on a microscopic scale. The microscopic inhomogeneities of the electronic properties of polycrystalline photovoltaic materials can be examined by these advanced AFM techniques, which bridge the local properties of materials to overall device performance and guide the optimization of the photovoltaic devices. In this review, the critical roles of local optoelectronic heterogeneities, especially at grain interiors (GIs) and grain boundaries (GBs) of polycrystalline photovoltaic materials, including versatile polycrystalline silicon, inorganic compound materials, and emerging halide perovskites, studied by KPFM and C-AFM, are systematically identified. How the band alignment and electrical properties of GIs and GBs affect the carrier transport behavior are discussed from the respective of photovoltaic research. Further exploiting the potential of such AFM-based techniques upon a summary of their up-to-date applications in polycrystalline photovoltaic materials is beneficial to acomprehensive understanding of the design and manipulation principles of thenovel solar cells and facilitating the development of the next-generation photovoltaics and optoelectronics.

Enhanced heterogeneous interface to construct intelligent conductive hydrogel gas sensor for individualized treatment of infected wounds.

In this study, we developed an enhanced heterogeneous interface intelligent conductive hydrogel NH3 sensor for individualized treatment of infected wounds. The sensor achieved monitoring, self-diagnosis, and adaptive gear adjustment functions. The PPY@PDA/PANI(3/6) sensor had a minimum NH3 detection concentration of 50 ppb and a response value of 2.94 %. It also had a theoretical detection limit of 49 ppt for infected wound gas. The sensor exhibited a fast response time of 23.2 s and a recovery time of 42.9 s. Tobramycin (TOB) was encapsulated in a self-healing QCS/OD hydrogel formed by quaternized chitosan (QCS) and oxidized dextran (OD), followed by the addition of polydopamine-coated polypyrrole nanowires (PPY@PDA) and polyaniline (PANI) to prepare electrically conductive drug-loaded PPY@PDA/PANI hydrogels. The drug-loaded PPY@PDA/PANI hydrogel was combined with a PANI/PVDF membrane to form an enhanced heterogeneous interfacial PPY@PDA/PANI/PVDF-based sensor, which could adaptively learn the individual wound ammonia response and adjust the speed of drug release from the PPY@PDA/PANI hydrogel with electrical stimulation. Drug release and animal studies demonstrated the efficacy of the PPY@PDA/PANI hydrogel in inhibiting infection and accelerating wound healing. In conclusion, the gas-sensitive conductive hydrogel sensing system is expected to enable intelligent drug delivery and provide personalized treatment for complex wound management.

Flexible Organic Photovoltaic-Powered Hydrogel Bioelectronic Dressing With Biomimetic Electrical Stimulation for Healing Infected Diabetic Wounds.

Electrical stimulation (ES) is proposed as a therapeutic solution for managing chronic wounds. However, its widespread clinical adoption is limited by the requirement of additional extracorporeal devices to power ES-based wound dressings. In this study, a novel sandwich-structured photovoltaic microcurrent hydrogel dressing (PMH dressing) is designed for treating diabetic wounds. This innovative dressing comprises flexible organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, a flexible micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) electrode, and a multifunctional hydrogel serving as an electrode-tissue interface. The PMH dressing is engineered to administer ES, mimicking the physiological injury current occurring naturally in wounds when exposed to light; thus, facilitating wound healing. In vitro experiments are performed to validate the PMH dressing's exceptional biocompatibility and robust antibacterial properties. In vivo experiments and proteomic analysis reveal that the proposed PMH dressing significantly accelerates the healing of infected diabetic wounds by enhancing extracellular matrix regeneration, eliminating bacteria, regulating inflammatory responses, and modulating vascular functions. Therefore, the PMH dressing is a potent, versatile, and effective solution for diabetic wound care, paving the way for advancements in wireless ES wound dressings.

Production of high-quality and large lateral-size black phosphorus nanoparticles/nanosheets by liquid-phase exfoliation.

The liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of layered black phosphorus (BP) material is essential in the field of electronics. N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is one of the most promising precursors for obtaining BP nanosheets/nanoparticles, but the longer sonication time leads to smaller production of phosphorene. Herein, for the first time, the large lateral size fabrication of phosphorene was attained through NMP solvent by optimizing the process parameters. The resultant dispersions were characterized by atomic force microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The characterization results revealed that the average lateral sizes of BP nanoparticles were found to be 67.8 ± 18.6 nm and the lateral size of fabricated BP nanosheets was found to be 5.37 µm. Moreover, this research provides a strategic approach for the mass production of phosphorene for photodetection applications.

Tailoring the Scattering Response of Optical Nanocircuits Using Modular Assembly.

Owing to the localized plasmon resonance of an ensemble of interacting plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs), there has been a tremendous drive to conceptualize complex optical nanocircuits with versatile functionalities. In comparison to modern research, there is still not a sufficient level of sophistication to treat the nanostructures as lumped circuits that can be adjusted into complex systems on the basis of a metatronic touchstone. Here, we present the design, assembly, and characterization of single relatively complex photonic nanocircuits by accurately positioning several metallic and dielectric nanoparticles acting as modular lumped elements. In this research, Au NPs along with silica NPs were used to compare the proficiency and precision of our lumped circuit model analytically. On increasing the size of an individual Au NP, the spectral peak resonance not only modifies but also causes more scattering efficiency which increases the fringe capacitance linearly and decreases the nanoinductance of lumped circuit element. The NPs-based assembly induced the required spectral resonance ascribed by simple circuit methods and are depicted to be actively reconfigurable by tuning the direction or polarization of input signals. Our work demonstrates a vital step toward developing the modern modular designing tools of complex electronic circuits into nanophotonic-related applications.

Controlled growth of a single carbon nanotube on an AFM probe.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be used as atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips for high-resolution scanning due to their small diameter, high aspect ratio and outstanding wear resistance. However, previous approaches for fabricating CNT probes are complex and poorly controlled. In this paper, we introduce a simple method to selectively fabricate a single CNT on an AFM tip by controlling the trigger threshold to adjust the amount of growth solution attached to the tip. The yield rate is over 93%. The resulting CNT probes are suitable in length, without the need for a subsequent cutting process. We used the CNT probe to scan the complex nanostructure with a high aspect ratio, thereby solving the long-lasting problem of mapping complex nanostructures.

A study on the mechanical properties of a carbon nanotube probe with a high aspect ratio.

Carbon nanotube (CNT) probes are used in atomic force microscopes (AFMs) for high-resolution imaging, especially in the measurement of high aspect ratio micro/nano structures. Due to the use of a longer CNT tip leading to the degradation of image resolution, researchers have used several methods to cut CNTs. However, the principle of the selection of the cutting length has hardly been reported. Moreover, the influence of the effect of size on the mechanical properties of a CNT tip is not fully understood. In this study, an accurate model of finite element simulations is constructed on the basis of scanning electron microscopy data to investigate the mechanical properties of a CNT probe. An elastic model is employed to study the factors that influence the critical buckling force at the CNT tip during the measurement process. The calculation shows that the mechanical stiffness of the probe is affected by the diameter and the length-to-diameter ratio of the CNT tip. The changes in the von Mises stress at the bond between the AFM probe and the CNT tip as well as the variation of the strain energy at the CNT tip are discussed. It is hoped that this study will provide guidance for the selection of the cutting length of CNT-AFM probes and propose a basis for probe selection and design in practical measurements.