Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors and Genital Infections in Patients With Diabetic Mellitus and Concomitant Coronary Artery Disease: A Single-Center Experience.

Objective To investigate the incidence of genital infection due to the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) concomitant coronary artery diseases (CAD). Methods A single-center, physician-initiated study was conducted at a tertiary-care center in India. The study enrolled patients with T2DM who were taking SGLT-2 inhibitors for at least two months and divided them into two groups: patients with concomitant CAD as the case group and without CAD as the control group. Demographic data and medical history of patients were documented using a standard questionnaire. Itching and swelling were the signs used for the diagnosis of genital infection. Results A total of 270 consecutive patients with T2DM were enrolled and divided into two groups: 48 patients with CAD as the case group and 222 patients without CAD as the control group. The mean age of patients with CAD was 63.27±7.53 years and without CAD was 58.32±14.89 years. The mean HbA1C levels were 8.40±1.71% in the case group and 8.60±7.20% in the control group. A total of 14.6% of patients with CAD and 12.6% of patients without CAD were found to have genital infections (p=0.712). SGLT-2 inhibitors were stopped in only six patients who had genital infections and all the patients were managed using anti-fungal cream and via maintenance of proper hygiene. The overall incidence of genital infection was about 12.96%, of which only 2.7% required discontinuation of this crucial therapy. Conclusion In conclusion, the incidence of genital infection with the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors is similar among patients with T2DM with concomitant CAD and without CAD. The measures to prevent genital infection should be strongly emphasized. However, larger, well-designed studies are required to validate the current findings.

Unroofed Coronary Sinus in a Patient With Prior Surgical Closure of Secundum Atrial Septal Defect.

An unroofed coronary sinus is an uncommon congenital cardiac anomaly. It leads to a left to right shunt like an atrial septal defect (ASD) and comprises <1% of all ASDs. It can also additionally create a pathway for paradoxical embolization to the brain and other attendant complications. Here, we present the case of an asymptomatic 40-year-old-male with a history of prior surgical closure of an ostium secundum ASD who was referred for preoperative evaluation for non-cardiac surgery. An unroofed coronary sinus with persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) was suspected on transthoracic echocardiography and confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography.

Analysis of the 60/60 Sign and Other Right Ventricular Parameters by 2D Transthoracic Echocardiography as Adjuncts to Diagnosis of Acute Pulmonary Embolism.

Introduction The 60/60 sign in 2D transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) - a combination of pulmonary acceleration time (PAT) less than 60 milliseconds and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) jet gradient of less than 60 mmHg - has been found to be specific for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). Materials and methods An observational prospective analysis was carried out on cases of suspected PE presenting to the emergency room (ER). TTE was performed on all cases with suspected PE prior to computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). Emphasis was placed on measurement of PAT and early systolic notching (ESN) on the pulsed wave (PW) Doppler of the pulmonary valve, TR jet gradient, right ventricle systolic excursion velocity (RV S') by tissue doppler imaging (TDI), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and right ventricle to left ventricle end-diastolic dimension ratio (RV:LV EDD) in modified parasternal short-axis view. These signs were taken as screening tests and compared to CTPA as the standard test. Patients were followed up until hospital discharge or death. Observations Fifty-six cases of suspected PE were enrolled for the study. Of these, 24 cases of PE were confirmed by CTPA. Out of 24 cases of PE, 15 were high-risk PE, six were intermediate high-risk PE, and three were intermediate low-risk PE. The mean age was 53.07±9.79 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.95:1. The 60/60 sign was present in 70.83% of cases of PE. RV:LV EDD in a modified short-axis view of more than 0.9 was present in 91.67% of cases of PE, and ESN on the PW Doppler of the pulmonary valve was present in 75% of cases of PE. The 60/60 sign, RV:LV EDD ratio more than 0.9, and ESN showed sensitivities of 70.83%, 91.67%, 75%, and specificities of 93.75%, 75%, and 100%, respectively for PE. For prediction of mortality, presence of the 60/60 sign (Odds Ratio=8.13, p-value=0.034) and ESN (Odds Ratio=17.50, p-value=0.02) were statistically significant. Conclusions 60/60 sign and ESN are specific for the diagnosis of PE but have poor sensitivity.

Longitudinal Stent Deformation at Aneurysm Site: Flexibility at the Expense of Longitudinal Integrity.

Longitudinal stent deformation is a recently described complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. Novel stents with thin struts and reduced number of fixed links between cells improve flexibility and deliverability but in certain cases it may reduce longitudinal strength and thereby increase the risk of longitudinal deformation. Although longitudinal deformation of coronary stents is an infrequent finding, it requires clinical attention as it may lead to catastrophic clinical outcomes. We report a case of longitudinal deformation of coronary stent observed at our institution while treating ostial lesion and aneurysm of left anterior descending artery. Longitudinal deformation was identified during the procedure and treated with the deployment of another stent. Three-month follow-up of the patient was found satisfactory without any incidence of stent thrombosis.