Discovery of a potent, dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.

The objective of the described research effort was to identify a novel serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) with improved norepinephrine transporter activity and acceptable metabolic stability and exhibiting minimal drug-drug interaction. We describe herein the discovery of a series of 3-substituted pyrrolidines, exemplified by compound 1. Compound 1 is a selective SNRI in vitro and in vivo, has favorable ADME properties, and retains inhibitory activity in the formalin model of pain behavior. Compound 1 thus represents a potential new probe to explore utility of SNRIs in central nervous system disorders, including chronic pain conditions.

Benzopyrans as selective estrogen receptor beta agonists (SERBAs). Part 3: synthesis of cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone intermediates for C-ring modification.

Benzopyrans are selective estrogen receptor (ER) beta agonists (SERBAs), which bind the ER subtypes alpha and beta in opposite orientations. Here we describe the syntheses of cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone intermediates for SAR studies of the C-ring on the benzopyran scaffold. Modification of the C-ring disrupts binding to ERalpha, thus improving ERbeta selectivity up to 100-fold. X-ray cocrystal structures confirm previously observed binding modes.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel dipeptides and reduced dipeptides as ligands for melanocortin subtype-4 receptor.

A series of benzylic piperazines (e.g., 4 and 5) attached to an 'address element', the dipeptide H-D-Tic-D-p-Cl-Phe-OH, 3 has been identified as ligands for the melanocortin subtype-4 receptor (MC4R). We describe herein the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on the N-terminal residue of the 'address element'. Several novel dipeptides and reduced dipeptides with high MC4R binding affinities and selectivity emerged from this SAR study.

Privileged structure based ligands for melanocortin receptors--substituted benzylic piperazine derivatives.

Replacement of the aryl piperazine moiety in compound 1 with a variety of substituted benzylic piperazines (6) yields compounds that afford melanocortin receptor 4 (MCR4) activity. Analogs with ortho substitution on the aromatic ring afforded the highest affinity. Resolution of the stereocenter of the benzylic piperazine based privileged structure revealed that the R-enantiomer was more active.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel arylpiperazines as potent and selective agonists of the melanocortin subtype-4 receptor.

The melanocortin receptors have been implicated as potential targets for a number of important therapeutic indications, including inflammation, sexual dysfunction, and obesity. We identified compound 1, an arylpiperazine attached to the dipeptide H-d-Tic-d-p-Cl-Phe-OH, as a novel melanocortin subtype-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist through iterative directed screening of nonpeptidyl G-protein-coupled receptor biased libraries. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies demonstrated that substitutions at the ortho position of the aryl ring improved binding and functional potency. For example, the o-isopropyl-substituted compound 29 (K(i) = 720 nM) possessed 9-fold better binding affinity compared to the unsubstituted aryl ring (K(i) = 6600 nM). Sulfonamide 39 (K(i) = 220 nM) fills this space with a polar substituent, resulting in a further 2-fold improvement in binding affinity. The most potent compounds such as the diethylamine 44 (K(i) = 60 nM) contain a basic group at this position. Basic heterocycles such as the imidazole 50 (K(i) = 110 nM) were similarly effective. We also demonstrated good oral bioavailability for sulfonamide 39.