The effect of water in THF/water mixtures on CMC, aggregation sizes, and fluorescence quenching of a new calix[4]resorcinarene macrocycle.

This study explores how water content modulates the self-assembly and fluorescence behavior of a novel calixarene, C1. C1 forms large, flattened structures in pure THF, but water addition triggers a transition to smaller, unimodal clusters. A critical micellar concentration (CMC) is identified, decreasing with increasing water content. Fluorescence quenching is observed upon water addition, attributed to nonradiative deactivation. These findings highlight water as a key regulator of C1's assembly and fluorescence, paving the way for further development of water-responsive calixarene systems.

N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide and its gold nanoparticle conjugation prevent glycerol-induced acute kidney injury by attenuating inflammation and oxidative injury in mice.

The protective activity of N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide (NA-2) and NA-2-coated gold nanoparticles (NA-2-AuNPs) in glycerol-treated model of acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice was investigated. NA-2 (50 mg/kg) and NA-2-AuNPs (30 mg/kg) were given to the animals for four days followed by 24-h water deprivation and injection of 50% glycerol (10 ml/kg im). The animals were sacrificed on the next day. Blood and kidneys were collected for biochemical investigations (urea and creatinine), histological studies (hematoxylin and eosin; and periodic acid-Schiff staining), immunohistochemistry (actin and cyclooxygenase-2, Cox-2), and real-time RT-PCR (inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS; nuclear factor-κB p50, NFκB; hemeoxygenase-1, HO-1; and kidney injury molecule-1, Kim-1). NA-2 protected renal tubular necrosis and inflammation, though the result of NA-2-AuNPs was better than compound alone and it also exhibited the activity at far less dose. The test compound and its gold nano-formulation decreased the levels of serum urea and creatinine level in the treated animals. Both NA-2 and NA-2-AuNPs also conserved actin cytoskeleton, and lowered COX-2 protein expression. Moreover, the mRNA expressions of iNOS and NFkB p50 were down-regulated, and HO-1 and Kim-1 genes were up-regulated. We conclude that NA-2 and NA-2-AuNPs ameliorates kidney inflammation and injury in glycerol-induced AKI animal model via anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms which make it a suitable candidate for further studies. We believe that these findings will contribute in the understanding of the mechanism of action of paracetamol-like drugs and can be considered for clinical research for the prevention of AKI.

Nepetanal and nepetanoate: a new diterpene aldehyde and a benzene derivative ester from Nepeta juncea.

One new tricyclic clerodane type diterpene aldehyde nepetanal (1) and one new benzene derivative nepetanoate (2) have been isolated from a plant Nepeta juncea together with two known compounds oleanolic acid (3) and ursolic acid (4). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by means of modern spectroscopic techniques and comparison with literature data.

One new triterpene ester from Nepeta suavis.

One new tetracyclic triterpene ester (1) has been isolated from the chloroform-soluble portion of the whole plant of Nepeta suavis along with two known compounds, namely artemetin (2) and jaceidin (3). The structures of the isolated compounds were assigned on the basis of their (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra including two-dimensional NMR techniques such as COSY, HMQC, and HMBC experiments and comparison with the literature data.

Benzyl 2-(4-bromo-anilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxo-cyclo-hex-1-enecarbodithio-ate: second triclinic polymorph.

The title structure, C(22)H(22)BrNOS(2), is a triclinic modification. Whereas the other reported modification crystallizes with just one mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit, the present modification has Z' = 2. The six-membered cyclo-hexene ring adopts an envelope conformation, with the C atom bearing the two methyl groups representing the flap. This atom deviates by 0.674 (4) Šfrom the plane passing through the other five atoms of the ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.027 Å). For the second independent mol-ecule, the deviation is 0.669 (3) Šand the r.m.s. deviation is 0.010 Å. The mol-ecular conformation of both mol-ecules is stabilized by intra-molecular N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds.

n-Undeca-nyl 2-(4-chloro-anilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclo-hex-1-ene-carbo-dithio-ate.

The six-membered cyclo-hexene ring in the title compound, C(26)H(38)ClNOS(2), adopts an envelope conformation, with the C atom bearing the two methyl groups representing the flap. This atom deviates by 0.642 (4) Šfrom the plane passing through the other five atoms of the ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.053 Å). The mol-ecular conformation is stabilized by an intra-molecular N-H⋯S hydrogen bond.

n-Undeca-nyl 2-(4-bromo-anilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclo-hex-1-ene-carbodithio-ate.

The six-membered cyclo-hexene ring in the title compound, C(26)H(38)BrNOS(2), adopts an envelope conformation, with the C atom bearing the two methyl groups representing the flap. This atom deviates by 0.651 (3) Šfrom the plane passing through the other five atoms of the ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.051 Å). The mol-ecular conformation is stabilized by an N-H⋯S hydrogen bond. The title compound is isomorphous with n-undeca-nyl 2-(4-chloro-anilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclo-hex-1-enecarbodithio-ate.

n-Undeca-nyl 2-(2,4-dichloro-anilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclo-hex-1-ene-carbo-dithio-ate.

The six-membered cyclo-hexene ring in the title compound, C(26)H(37)Cl(2)NOS(2), adopts an envelope-shaped conformation, with the C atom bearing the two methyl groups representing the flap. This atom deviates by 0.658 (7) Šfrom the plane passing through the other five atoms of the ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.005 Å). The mol-ecular conformation is stabilized by an N-H⋯S hydrogen bond.

2-Hydroxy-ethyl 2-(2,4-dichloro-anilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclo-hex-1-ene-carbo-dithio-ate.

The six-membered cyclo-hexene ring in the title compound, C(17)H(19)Cl(2)NOS(2), adopts an envelope conformation, with the C atom bearing the two methyl groups representing the flap. This atom deviates by 0.716 (3) Šfrom the plane passing through the other five atoms of the ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.072 Å). The mol-ecular conformation is stabilized by an intra-molecular N-H⋯S hydrogen bond. The hydr-oxy group engages in inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding with adjacent acceptor atoms to generate a zigzag chain running along the c axis.

2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-ß-d-galacto-pyranosyl 2-(2,4-dichloro-anilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclo-hex-1-enecarbo-dithio-ate.

The cyclo-hexene ring in the title compound, C(29)H(33)Cl(2)NO(10)S(2), adopts an envelope conformation, with the C atom bearing the two methyl groups representing the flap. This atom deviates by 0.63 (1) Šfrom the plane through the other five ring atoms (r.m.s. deviation = 0.11 Å). The mol-ecular conformation is stabilized by an intra-molecular N-H⋯S hydrogen bond. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin, with a minor twin component of 29%.