Alcohol withdrawal and amphetamine co-use in an animal model for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Background: Non-medical use of amphetamine and other stimulants prescribed for treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is of special concern when combined with alcohol consumption. In a previous study, we modeled chronic ethanol-amphetamine co-use in adolescent Long-Evans (LE) rats and provided evidence that amphetamine attenuates alcohol withdrawal symptoms.Objectives: This project modeled co-use of amphetamine with alcohol in adolescents with ADHD-like symptoms by examining ethanol-amphetamine administration in adolescent Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), an experimental model for the study of ADHD. Withdrawal symptoms were compared among SHR and two control rat strains, LE and Wistar Kyoto (WKY).Methods: At postnatal day 32, parallel groups of 12-24 male SHR, WKY and LE rats were administered a liquid diet containing ethanol (3.6%) and/or amphetamine (20 mg/L). Following administration periods up to 26 days, rats were withdrawn from their treatment and tested for overall severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms, general locomotor activity, and anxiety-like behavior.Results: Overall withdrawal severity was lower for SHR than for LE (p < .001) or WKY (p = .027). Co-consumption of amphetamine decreased withdrawal severity for LE (p = .033) and WKY (p = .011) but not SHR (p = .600). Only WKY showed increased anxiety-like behavior during withdrawal (p = .031), but not after amphetamine co-administration (p = .832).Conclusion: Alcohol withdrawal severity may be attenuated when co-used with amphetamine. However, as a model for ADHD, SHR adolescents appeared resistant to developing significant signs of alcohol withdrawal following alcohol consumption. Whether alcohol withdrawal symptoms are attenuated or absent, potential consequences could include a decreased awareness of an emerging problem with alcohol use.

Knowledge, Attitudes and HPV Vaccine Intention Among Women in India.

In India, cervical cancer associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women. However, uptake of the vaccine in India is low. We assessed knowledge and attitudes towards HPV, assess participants' willingness to accept the vaccination for themselves and their children, and determine factors associated with intention to receive the HPV vaccine among women in Mangalore, India. This cross-sectional study surveyed a convenient sample of 237 women aged 18-45 years using a semi-structured questionnaire. All respondents reported being aware of HPV infection. However, 22.36% (n = 53) of the respondents have never heard about genital warts and 18.57% (n = 44) have never heard about HPV vaccine. Participants displayed good general knowledge of HPV infection (median score, 1.26; Interquartile Range (IQR): 1.04-1.52) and average knowledge of HPV vaccine (e.g., median score, 1.18; IQR: 0.73-1.45). HPV general knowledge and vaccine knowledge were associated with intention to receive the HPV vaccine and recommend it to children. Participant awareness of the HPV vaccine predicted vaccine intent for themselves. Participants' willingness to recommend the vaccine for their children was associated with older age, married status, having one or more children, and having a college education. Lack of awareness about genital warts was strongly associated with participants' refusal to get the HPV vaccine or recommend it for their own children (Relative Risk Ratio RRR: 12.21; 95% C.I.: 2.33-63.99). Our study validated the questionnaire as a reliable tool for assessing HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge, attitudes, awareness, and vaccine intentions in women aged 18-45 years. Public health education should focus on increasing awareness of genital warts as a sequela of HPV, as well as promote awareness of role and safety of HPV vaccination in -children.

Influence of different implant placement techniques to improve primary implant stability in low-density bone: A systematic review.

AIM: The aim of this study is to assess the influence of different implant placement techniques to improve primary implant stability (PIS) in the low-density bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Citations published in English and those available in full text were searched from electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) from the year 2000-2017 by which 75 manuscripts were revealed. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven were selected for the present review. The whole process was conducted by the following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. RESULTS: The measurement of primary stability showed significant correlations with different bone densities and with implant outcome; however, these two parameters have not been investigated at the same time frequently. Of the seven manuscripts, three discussed standard drilling protocol, two used undersized drilling, one used guided drilling, and one compared standard drilling with undersized drilling. Several intraoperative methods of jaw bone-density assessment were reported, and resonance frequency analysis, periotest, and insertion torque values were used to quantify PIS. CONCLUSION: The use of undersized drilling has proven advantageous for increasing initial implant stability in the low-density bone. Although the PIS may be lower, the secondary implant stability is found to be correlated to acceptable values.