ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Implementation barriers and lack of standardized point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) curricula make the development of effective POCUS curricula and methods of assessment challenging. The authors aim to develop a longitudinal POCUS curriculum through staged intervention. In the first stage, the authors hypothesized that the use of high-fidelity ultrasound simulation during the Internal Medicine clerkship would improve POCUS confidence and knowledge among medical students, minimizing the need for trained faculty. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study of third-year students on the Internal Medicine clerkship at a large academic medical center in the United States was performed assessing the efficacy of ultrasound simulation use. The control group consisted of students who received baseline POCUS education during teaching rounds but did not have access to the ultrasound simulator. The experimental group consisted of students who, in addition to baseline POCUS education, had access to a high-fidelity ultrasound simulator throughout the clerkship for a minimum of 1â hour per week. Students in both the control and experimental groups completed a pre- and post-intervention confidence survey and knowledge-based examination. RESULTS: Eighty-two percent (50/61) of students completed pre- and post-tests, with the control group demonstrating no significant difference in POCUS confidence or knowledge. After exposure to the ultrasound simulator, the experimental group demonstrated statistically significant improvement in POCUS confidence and overall POCUS knowledge (p < .01). CONCLUSION: The use of high-fidelity ultrasound simulation can improve POCUS confidence and knowledge among medical students while addressing common barriers to the implementation of a POCUS curriculum. Despite showing statistically significant improvement in overall knowledge, the results did not appear to hold educational significance. Additional POCUS educational methods are necessary to overcome cognitive bias and potential overconfidence. The next stage of curriculum development will include resident-led POCUS workshops to supplement simulation.
ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Little is known about what prompts patients to use e-mail with their physicians and how physicians respond to these e-mails. OBJECTIVE: To identify the main reasons why patients e-mail and to learn how psychiatrists manage these e-mails as part of these patients' overall care. DESIGN: One hundred patient-initiated e-mails to each of two psychiatrists in a group practice were studied retrospectively for primary reason for the e-mail and for psychiatrists' handling of each e-mail. Other data were collected to assess how representative the e-mailing patients were of the psychiatrists' patient panels. RESULTS: Age, sex, and diagnoses of the e-mailers were similar to our overall panels. The most common reasons for e-mailing were refill requests (19.5%), questions about prescribed medication (16.5%), and worsening of symptoms (11.5%). The modal e-mail was a patient with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder requesting a refill. The psychiatrists' most common responses were authorizing a refill (25%), reassurance (22%), and making or moving up a scheduled appointment (16%). For all patients who reported a worsening of symptoms, responses, communicated by e-mail or telephone, included a combination of an earlier appointment and/or change in medication or dose and/or referral for psychotherapy. Both psychiatrists found e-mail to be an efficient enhancement of their practice, and it was inferred that this was also a satisfying mechanism for patients. CONCLUSION: Physician-patient communication via e-mail is timesaving for both, and the benefits to patient care should reassure physicians who are wary of using e-mail in their practice. Potential risks to patients without face-to-face or telephone contact appear to be minimal.
