Biological interactions between micro swimmers and cross fluid with inclined MHD effects in a complex wavy canal.

The significance of studying biological interactions of micro swimmers in a complex wavy canal with MHD effects lies in its potential to provide insight into the behavior and dynamics of microorganisms in natural environments that contain complex fluid flow and magnetic fields. Current investigation explores the biological interactions between micro swimmers and Cross fluid with inclined MHD effects in a complex wavy canal. There are several factors of medium for micro swimmers like nature, magnetic field, liquid rheology and position. These interactions are hereby witnessed by utilizing the Cross fluid along with Taylor swimming sheet model under the influence of porous and inclined magnetic effect. Furthermore, two-dimensional complex wavy cervical canal is being utilized at inclined angle. By help of lubrication assumption, reduction of momentum equation is made and hence fourth-order differential equation associated with boundary conditions is obtained. Bvp4c command in Matlab is utilized for this boundary value problem. Obtained bvp4c solution is verified with finite difference method and found smooth agreement. Magnetic force enhances the swimming speed and reduction is seen for the power dissipation and effective role is seen for swimming motion with cross fluid rheology. The channel walls (peristaltic nature) and porous medium can be utilized as alternative factors to control the speed of the propeller.

The Role and Welfare of Cart Donkeys Used in Waste Management in Karachi, Pakistan.

Equine ownership is a common income-generating strategy in Pakistan. In Karachi, donkey carts are used to transport building materials, commercial produce and garbage. This study aimed to articulate the role and welfare of donkeys used in waste management. We conducted interviews with donkey owners (n = 200), households which use donkey carts for waste collection (n = 50) and key informants (n = 14). To assess the welfare of donkeys, the Standardised Equine-Based Welfare Assessment Tool (SEBWAT) was used (n = 204). Collection of waste was the primary source of income for 89% of owners interviewed. Of those directly involved in waste collection, 62% were found to be under 18 years of age. During interviews with donkey cart customers the majority reported that there would be a huge garbage build-up if donkey carts were not available. Welfare assessments demonstrated that 52.9% of donkeys had a body condition score of two. Muzzle mutilation was extremely high (78.4%) and 66.7% of donkeys had superficial knee lesions. This is the first study that has explored the role of donkey carts in waste management in Pakistan. The data demonstrate the sizable role that donkey-owning communities play in waste management and the important livelihood option this offers, as well as considerable animal welfare concerns.

Microalgae screening under CO2 stress: Growth and micro-nutrients removal efficiency.

Algae are one of the promising agents for greenhouse gas reduction and biofuel production. Different technologies have been developed and introduced in last decades for algae growth. Algae plays a very imperative role in the aquatic ecosystem regarding CO2 reduction and micro-nutrient removal. In present investigation, eight locally isolated (microalgae) strains and two pure strains were studied. The selected microalgae were grown under variable CO2 concentration and CO2 biofixation efficiencies along with micro-nutrient removal were monitored. Among selected strains, three strains (UMN266, UMN268 and UTEX 2714 showed adaptability up to 20% CO2 concentration with high biomass production of 1.3, 1.4 and 1.21g/L, respectively, whereas UTEX 78 and UMN 230 growth was slow under high CO2 concentration (20% CO2). However, in step wise CO2 feeding, the growth of UTEX 78 and UMN 230 improved considerably and up to 0.9 and 0.97 (g/L) biomasses were recorded, respectively. All algae strains showed high growth rate at 2% CO2 feeding and nitrogen, phosphorus and ammonia removal from the simulated media were also significant. The fast-growing microalgae species tolerant up to 20% CO2 concentration and could be used for flue gas mitigation and valuable products production. These results can contribute to understand the nature of CO2 bio-fixation and microalgae could be a potential alternative for CO2 fixation.