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1.
Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg ; 58(6): 708-710, 2020 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32349899

ABSTRACT

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is a rare disorder that is characterised by chronic or recurrent superficial candida infection of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. We describe such a case in a young boy who failed to respond to conventional therapy. It highlights the important role of the dental team in assessment, treatment, and onwards referral.


Subject(s)
Candidiasis , Pediatric Dentistry , Child , Humans , Male , Rare Diseases , Referral and Consultation , Skin
2.
Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed ; 101(5): 232-5, 2016 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27307463

ABSTRACT

Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection can result in permanent neurological problems and is a potentially preventable cause of sensorineural hearing loss in the UK. There is an urgency to diagnose and assess cCMV as antiviral treatment and has only been shown to be effective if started in the first 4 weeks of life. A recent randomised controlled trial of 6 months of treatment using oral valganciclovir has shown modest benefit in preventing hearing deterioration and in improving some neurodevelopmental outcomes. Parents and clinicians need to make a timely and informed choice regarding antiviral treatment and ensure that relevant non-pharmaceutical interventions are considered. This paper brings together the current evidence regarding the diagnosis and treatment of cCMV, consensus from two paediatric infectious diseases centres and outlines research priorities.


Subject(s)
Cytomegalovirus Infections/congenital , Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis , Cytomegalovirus Infections/therapy , Humans , Infant, Newborn
3.
Lancet Glob Health ; 4(7): e495-501, 2016 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27340004

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) opened Ebola management centres (EMCs) in Sierra Leone in Kailahun in June, 2014, and Bo in September, 2014. Case fatality in the west African Ebola virus disease epidemic has been highest in children younger than 5 years. Clinical data on outcomes can provide important evidence to guide future management. However, such data on children are scarce and disaggregated clinical data across all ages in this epidemic have focussed on symptoms reported on arrival at treatment facilities, rather than symptoms and signs observed during admission. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of children aged 5 years and younger admitted to the MSF EMCs in Bo and Kailahun, and any associations between these characteristics and mortality. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study, we included data from children aged 5 years and younger with laboratory-confirmed Ebola virus disease admitted to EMCs between June and December, 2014. We described epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics and viral load (measured using Ebola virus cycle thresholds [Ct]), and assessed their association with death using Cox regression modelling. FINDINGS: We included 91 children in analysis; 52 died (57·1%). Case fatality was higher in children aged less than 2 years (76·5% [26/34]) than those aged 2-5 years (45·6% [26/57]; adjusted HR 3·5 [95% CI 1·5-8·5]) and in those with high (Ct<25) versus low (Ct≥25) viral load (81·8% [18/22] vs 45·9% [28/61], respectively; adjusted HR 9·2 [95% CI 3·8-22·5]). Symptoms observed during admission included: weakness 74·7% (68); fever 70·8% (63/89); distress 63·7% (58); loss of appetite 60·4% (55); diarrhoea 59·3% (54); and cough 52·7% (48). At admission, 25% (19/76) of children were afebrile. Signs significantly associated with death were fever, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Hiccups, bleeding, and confusion were observed only in children who died. INTERPRETATION: This description of the clinical features of Ebola virus disease over the duration of illness in children aged 5 years and younger shows symptoms associated with death and a high prevalence of distress, with implications for clinical management. Collection and analysis of age-specific data on Ebola is very important to ensure that the specific vulnerabilities of children are addressed. FUNDING: No specific funding was received for this study. EB is supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.


Subject(s)
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/mortality , Hospitalization , Child, Preschool , Diarrhea/virology , Ebolavirus/isolation & purification , Fever/virology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology , Humans , Infant , Retrospective Studies , Sierra Leone/epidemiology , Viral Load/statistics & numerical data , Vomiting/virology
4.
J Infect ; 72 Suppl: S6-S12, 2016 07 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27177732

ABSTRACT

The West African Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak is the largest ever seen, with over 28,000 cases and 11,300 deaths since early 2014. The magnitude of the outbreak has tested fragile governmental health systems and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to their limit. Here we discuss the outbreak in the Western Area of Sierra Leone, the shape of the local response and the impact the response had on caring for children suspected of having contracted EVD. Challenges encountered in providing clinical care to children whilst working in the "Red Zone" where risk of EVD is considered to be highest, wearing full personal protective equipment are detailed. Suggestions and recommendations both for further research and for operational improvement in the future are made, with particular reference as to how a response could be more child-focused.


Subject(s)
Child Health , Disease Outbreaks , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola , Child , Communicable Disease Control/methods , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Epidemics , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology , Humans , Sierra Leone/epidemiology
5.
Clin Infect Dis ; 61Suppl 3: S188-99, 2015 Oct 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26409282

ABSTRACT

Tuberculosis in children accounts for a significant proportion of the overall burden of disease, and yet for many years research into pediatric treatment has been neglected. Recently, there have been major developments in our understanding of pediatric tuberculosis, and a large number of studies are under way or planned. New drugs and regimens are being evaluated, and older drugs are being repurposed. Shorter regimens with potentially fewer side effects are being assessed for the treatment and prevention of both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis. It may be possible to tailor treatment so that children with less severe disease are given shorter regimens, and weekly dosing is under investigation for preventive therapy and for the continuation phase of treatment. The interaction with human immunodeficiency virus and the management of tuberculosis meningitis are also likely to be better understood. Exciting times lie ahead for pediatric tuberculosis, but much work remains to be done.


Subject(s)
Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/prevention & control , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Antitubercular Agents/administration & dosage , Antitubercular Agents/adverse effects , Child , Child, Preschool , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Tuberculosis, Meningeal/drug therapy
7.
J Virus Erad ; 1(3): 206-7, 2015 Jul 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27482413

ABSTRACT

This article documents reflections of a paediatrician working with the medical non-governmental organisation, Médecins Sans Frontières, in two Ebola Management Centres in Sierra Leone, in December 2014 and January 2015.

10.
J Med Ethics ; 37(3): 162-5, 2011 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21084354

ABSTRACT

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is an independent medical humanitarian organisation working in over 70 countries. It has provided medical assistance for over 35 years to populations vulnerable through conflict, disease and inadequate health systems. Medical ethics define the starting point of the relationship between medical staff and patients. The ethics of humanitarian interventions and of research in conflict settings are much debated. However, less is known about the ethical dilemmas faced by medical humanitarian staff in their daily work. Ethical dilemmas can be intensified in humanitarian contexts by insecure environments, lack of optimum care, language barriers, potentially heightened power discrepancies between care providers and patients, differing cultural values and perceptions of patients, communities and medical staff. Time constraints, stressful conditions and lack of familiarity with ethical frameworks can prevent reflection on these dilemmas, as can frustration that such reflection does not necessarily provide instant solutions. Lack of reflection, however, can be distressing for medical practitioners and can reduce the quality of care. Ethical reflection has a central role in MSF, and the organisation uses ethical frameworks to help with clinical and programmatic decisions as well as in deliberations over operational research. We illustrate and discuss some real ethical dilemmas facing MSF teams. Only by sharing and seeking guidance can MSF and similar actors make more thoughtful and appropriate decisions. Our aim in sharing these cases is to invite discussion and dialogue in the wider medical community working in crisis, conflict or with severe resource limitations.


Subject(s)
Attitude of Health Personnel , Ethics, Medical , International Agencies/ethics , Medical Missions/ethics , Patient Rights/ethics , Altruism , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Delivery of Health Care/standards , Developing Countries , Humans
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