ABSTRACT
An outbreak of Hand Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) which occurred in August-September, 2022 in Navi Mumbai, India was prospectively investigated, to delineate the clinical manifestations and identify the etiological agent. Molecular characterization at ICMR-National Institute of Virology (NIV), Mumbai unit reported 69 (88.5%) cases out of 78 clinically diagnosed HFMD cases positive for enteroviruses. Thirty-nine (56.5%) children were positive for CVA6, 11 (15.9%) for CVA16, and one for CVA4 (1.4%). One case of co-infection (CVA16, CVA6) was reported. Fourteen (17.9%) cases had recurrent disease in the same season. CVA6 was associated with unusual extension of the rash beyond the conventional areas of hands, feet, and mouth, with involvement of body areas including face, axillae and trunk. Whole genome sequencing classified CVA6 as group D3 and CVA16 isolates as group B1c. Co-infection and recurrence of disease with atypical symptoms observed in this study highlight the need for continued vigilance of the evolutionary clinical characteristics of the enteroviruses causing HFMD.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To find out drug treatment cost per illness per patient admitted to pediatric ward. METHODS: Patients admitted to pediatric ward over a period of 1 year were studied without exclusions. Following presentations were studied: fever, rapid breathing, diarrhea, severe malnutrition and neurological problems such as altered conscious level or convulsion. In this prospective observational study, patients with other problems were excluded. The subjects were also categorized as critically sick, sick and stable. Expenditure on medicines was calculated individually for each patient. Total expenditure, average cost and illness-wise cost were subsequently derived. Management of illnesses was on the lines of existing guidelines of our center. Sick newborns or newborns referred for special care were separately studied. Following outcome variables were studied: death or discharge, length of hospital stay and the day on which symptomatic relief was noted. RESULTS: 774 children and 141 newborns were studied. 25(3.2%) died. Presenting features were as follows: fever-568 (73.4%), rapid breathing-175 (22.6%), diarrhea-145 (18.7%), mild-moderate malnutrition-278 (35.8%), severe malnutrition-111 (14.3%) and neurological problems-41 (5.3%). Category-wise distribution was as follows: critically sick-89 (11.3%), sick-188 (24.3%) and stable-497 (46.2%). Average hospital stay was 7.1 days and symptomatic relief was experienced by day three in 77.7% cases. Average cost of medicines per patient was INR-167.8 (USD-4.2), 173 patients required oxygen and mean expenditure on oxygen was INR-310 (USD-8) and 68 patients required inotropes with a mean expenditure of INR-198 (USD-5). Of the 141 newborns admitted, 20(14.1%) died. Mean hospital stay was 9.8 days and average cost of drug treatment was INR-790 (USD-20) in newborns. CONCLUSIONS: This cost analysis study presents drug treatment costs for common illnesses at a referral centre in a developing country. It gives an option to choose drugs for an optimum mix of cost and effectiveness.
