Integrating in vivo and in silico approaches to investigate the potential of Zingiber roseum rhizome extract against pyrexia, inflammation and pain.

Zingiber roseum is a perennial herb in the Zingiberaceae family. The plant is native to Bangladesh, and rhizomes are frequently used in traditional medicine to cure gastric ulcers, asthma, wounds, and rheumatic disorders. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyse the antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of Z. roseum rhizome to confirm its efficacy in traditional applications. After 24 h of treatment, ZrrME (400 mg/kg) showed a considerable drop in rectal temperature (3.42°F) compared to standard paracetamol (5.26°F). At both doses (200 and 400 mg/kg), ZrrME showed a substantial dose-dependent decrease in paw oedema. However, after 2, 3 and 4 h of testing, the extract (200 mg/kg) had a lower anti-inflammatory response than standard indomethacin, whereas the higher dose (400 mg/kg) of rhizome extract had a more robust response compared to standard. ZrrME also showed substantial analgesic activity against all in vivo analgesic test models. The in vivo findings were further evaluated by in silico study of our previously identified compounds of ZrrME with the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme (3LN1). The substantial binding energy (ranges from-6.2 to-7.7 Kcal/mol) of the polyphenols (excluding catechin hydrate) to the COX-2 enzyme affirm the in vivo test results of the present studies. In addition, the compounds were found effective as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic agents, according to the biological activity prediction software. Both in vivo and in silico results demonstrated promising antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and pain-relieving effects of Z. roseum rhizome extract, which corroborate the claim of its traditional uses.

Investigation of total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Azadirachta indica roots.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was an attempt to study total phenolic content and antioxidant property of the crude ethanolic extract of the roots of Azadirachta indica (A. indica). MATERIALS AND METHODS: To evaluate the antioxidant properties of the crude extract, some complementary test systems, namely DPPH free radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, and ferrous ion chelating ability and determination of total phenolic content were conducted. RESULTS: In DPPH free radical scavenging test, IC50 value of the crude extract was found to be fairly significant (13.81±0.06 µg/ml) while compared with that of the reference standards, ascorbic acid and BHA (2.12±0.02 and 4.87±0.05 µg/ml, respectively). In reducing power assay, the maximum absorbance for the extract was found to be 1.523±0.026 at100 µg/ml compared with standard ascorbic acid and BHA (2.811±0.013 µg/ml and 2.031±0.019 µg/ml, respectively). The IC50 value of the extract as percentage of Fe(++) ion chelating ability was determined as 19.01±0.024 µg/ml where EDTA showed 8.87±0.035 µg/ml. The total phenolic amount was also calculated quite high in the extract (238.81±0.98 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent). CONCLUSION: The assays showed the presence of significant antioxidant properties of the crude sample, which would justify its traditional use. However, it would be very interesting to investigate the possible causes and their mechanisms responsible for the antioxidant property of the plant A. indica.