Cdc6 expression is induced by HPV16 E6 and E7 oncogenes and represses E-cadherin expression.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide, and its development is related to two viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 from high-risk human papillomaviruses. Aberrant expression of E-cadherin is associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and it is frequently seen in cervical cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in E-cadherin suppression in cervical cancer are not clear. We studied the effects of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E6 and E7 on E-cadherin and Cdc6 (cell division cycle 6) expression in the HCT-116 cell line. We also assessed the relationship between Cdc6 and E-cadherin expression in cells expressing HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins. The results showed that HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins reduce E-cadherin expression, and HPV16 E6-expressing cells undergo a more profound suppression of E-cadherin compared with cells expressing HPV16 E7. Our results also revealed that HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins induce Cdc6 expression, whereas suppression of Cdc6 protein by short hairpin RNA restores E-cadherin expression. Induction of Cdc6 expression in HCT-116 cells was greater with E6 than with E7, a finding that was consistent with the corresponding changes in E-cadherin expression. These observations suggest that Cdc6 overexpression is an important factor for E-cadherin reduction in cells expressing HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins and may have an important role in the metastasis of HPV-associated cancers.Cancer Gene Therapy advance online publication, 11 November 2016; doi:10.1038/cgt.2016.51.

Seroprevalence of poliovirus antibodies among 7-month-old infants after 4 doses of oral polio vaccine in Sistan-va-Baluchestan, Islamic Republic of Iran.

Despite high coverage rates of polio vaccine in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the seroconversion rates of infants may be inadequate. This study measured seroprevalence of antibodies against poliovirus serotypes 1 to 3 (PV1, PV2 and PV3) in 7-month-old infants who had received at least 4 doses of trivalent oral polio vaccine. A serosurvey was conducted in 2010 in rural areas of Chabahar, Sistan-va-Baluchestan province. Using cluster sampling, 72 eligible infants were tested for antibody against the 3 poliovirus serotypes according to WHO guidelines. Antibody titres ≥ 1:10 were considered positive. The seropositive rates for antibody against PV1, PV2 and PV3 were 84.7%, 95.8% and 70.8% respectively. Only 63.9% of participants were seropositive for antibodies against all 3 poliovirus serotypes. Except for PV2, the seroprevalence of antibody against the other 2 poliovirus serotypes, especially PV3, was unsatisfactory.

Risk of polio reintroduction to border regions of Islamic Republic of Iran: seroprevalence study of children with at least 5 doses of oral polio vaccine.

Movements of populations from countries where polio has not been eradicated is a concern in the Islamic Republic of Iran. A cross-sectional, community-based study was implemented in 2010 in 2 districts in Sistan-va-Baluchestan Province near the south-east border. The aim was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies in children aged 20 (± 2) months who had received at least 5 doses of trivalent oral polio vaccine. Using cluster sampling, 365 children were enrolled for serological testing. Antibody titres ≥ 1:10 were considered positive. Seropositive rates for antibody against poliovirus serotypes 1, 2 and 3 were 94.1%, 96.7% and 78.3% respectively. The lowest seropositive rate was for antibody against polio serotype 3 (PV3) among boys (58.3%). Exclusive breastfeeding showed a direct relationship with antibody response to PV3 (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1-3.6). Improving community protection against PV3 is an urgent programme priority.

Risk of polio reintroduction to border regions of Islamic Republic of Iran: seroprevalence study of children with at least 5 doses of oral polio vaccine

تشعر جمهورية إيران الإسلامية بالقلق بسبب تحركات السكان من بلدان لم تحقق استئصال شلل الأطفال. وقد أجرى الباحثون دراسة مستعرضة مجتمعية في عام 2010 ، في مقاطعتي سيستان وبلوشستان التابعتين لولاية قريبة من الحدود الجنوبية الشرقية. وكان هدف الدراسة تحديد معدل الانتشار المصلي للأضداد لدى الأطفال بعمر 20 شهرا [+/- شهرين]، ممن تلقوا 5 جرعات على الأقل من لقاح شلل الأطفال. واستخدم الباحثون طريقة الاعتيان العنقودي، وأدرجوا في الدراسة 365 طفلا لإجراء الاختبارات المصلية؛ واعتبر الباحثون وجود عيارات تساوي أو تزيد على 1 إلى 10 نتيجة إيجابية. واتضح للباحثين أن معدلات الإيجابية المصلية لأضداد الأنماط المصلية لفيروس شلل الأطفال هي 94.1 % بالنسبة للنمط المصلي 1، وهي 96.7 % بالنسبة للنمط المصلي 2، وهي 78.3 % بالنسبة للنمط المصلي 3. وكان أخفض معدل للإيجابية المصلية للأضداد المضادة للنمط المصلي 3 بين الأطفال الذكور [58.3 %]. وقد اتضح أن الاقتصار على الرضاعة الطبيعية من الثدي له تأثر مباشر على الاستجابة بالأضداد المضادة للنمط المصلي الثالث من فيروس شلل الأطفال.[معدل الأرجحية = 0.2 ، فاصلة الثقة 95%، تراوح بين 1.1 و 3.6]. ويعد تحسن الحماية المجتمعية ضد النمط المصلي 3 لفيروس شلل الأطفال من الأولويات الملحة للبرنامج

ABSTRACT Movements of populations from countries where polio has not been eradicated is a concern in the Islamic Republic of Iran. A cross-sectional, community-based study was implemented in 2010 in 2 districts in Sistan-va-Baluchestan Province near the south-east border. The aim was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies in children aged 20 (± 2) months who had received at least 5 doses of trivalent oral polio vaccine. Using cluster sampling, 365 children were enrolled for serological testing. Antibody titres ≥ 1:10 were considered positive. Seropositive rates for antibody against poliovirus serotypes 1, 2 and 3 were 94.1%, 96.7% and 78.3% respectively. The lowest seropositive rate was for antibody against polio serotype 3 (PV3) among boys (58.3%). Exclusive breastfeeding showed a direct relationship with antibody response to PV3 (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1–3.6). Improving community protection against PV3 is an urgent programme priority.

RÉSUMÉ Les déplacements de population en provenance d'autres pays où la poliomyélite n'a pas été éradiquée représentent une préoccupation en République islamique d'Iran. Une étude transversale communautaire a été menée en 2010 dans deux districts de la province du Sistan-Balouchistan près de la frontière du sud-est. L'objectif était de déterminer la séroprévalence des anticorps chez des enfants âgés de 20 (± 2) mois qui avaient reçu au moins cinq doses du vaccin antipoliomyélitique oral trivalent. L'échantillonnage en grappes était la méthode utilisée ; 365 enfants ont été recrutés pour une analyse sérologique. Des titres d'anticorps supérieurs ou égaux à 1:10 étaient considérés comme positifs. Les taux de séropositivité pour les anticorps dirigés contre les sérotypes des poliovirus 1, 2 et 3 étaient de 94,1 %, 96,7 % et 78,3 %, respectivement. Le taux de séropositivité le plus faible était celui correspondant aux anticorps contre le sérotype 3 du poliovirus chez les enfants de sexe masculin (58,3 %). L’allaitement au sein exclusif présentait un lien direct avec la réponse des anticorps au sérotype 3 du poliovirus (OR = 2,0 ; IC à 95 % : 1,1–3,6). Améliorer la protection de la communauté contre le sérotype 3 du poliovirus représente une priorité programmatique urgente.

A comparative analysis of routine techniques: Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and five cell lines for detection of enteroviruses in stool specimens.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Each year, Enteroviruses infect millions of people and cause different diseases. The agents are usually detected using cell culture. RD (Rhabdomyosarcoma) and L20B (L cells) are among the recommended cells by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for this purpose. Even though cell culture is the most common method used in diagnosing Enteroviruses in stool specimens, this particular method poses some problems, which include false positive or negative results, lack of a unique cell line for diagnosing all Enterovirus types in addition to being time consuming. For these reasons, an attempt was made to find better techniques of Enterovirus detection. RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique used in place of the cell culture method. In this study, the cell culture method was compared with RT-PCR for detection of Enteroviruses in stool specimens. MATERIAL AND METHOD: First, the chloroform treated stool samples were inoculated onto five cell lines, including RD, L20B, Hep-2 (Human Epidermoid carcinoma cell line), Vero (Verde Reno) and GMK (Green Monkey Kidney). The results were then compared with data from Enterovirus detection using the RT-PCR technique. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The difference between RT-PCR and cell culture results was significant. Enteroviruses were detected in 24% of specimens using RT-PCR while cell lines could isolate Enteroviruses in just 14.4% of the samples.