A Method of Time Prediction in Epiphysiodesis for Limb Length Discrepancy Based On Multiplier.

Objectives: The most critical step in the calculation of final limb length discrepancy (LLD) is estimating the length of the short limb after skeletal maturity(Sm). Paley's multiplier method is a fast, convenient method for calculating Sm and LLD after skeletal maturity; nonetheless, the calculation of the process of Sm and LLD in acquired type cases is complex in contrast to congenital type in this method. Notwithstanding, the multiplier method uses a variable called "growth inhibition" for the calculation process in acquired type LLD; however, its mathematical proof has not been published yet. The present study aims to find out whether there is an alternative way to estimate the length of Sm and LLD in skeletal maturity without using growth inhibition (GI) and its complex calculation process in acquired type LLD. Methods: We used trigonometric equations to prove the GI concept and conducted proportionality analysis to calculate the length of short limbs and LLD in skeletal maturity without using GI. Results: Based on the results, the following proportionality can estimate the length of the short limb in skeletal maturity. (ΔLm/ΔL = ΔSm/ΔS). Conclusion: The GI concept can be proved trigonometrically; nonetheless, its numerical value is not necessary for estimating the length of the short limb in skeletal maturity. Instead, a simple proportionality analysis serves the purpose of calculation.

Role of Hip Arthroscopy in the Treatment of Avascular Necrosis of the Hip: A Systematic Review.

Background: Avascular necrosis (AVN) or osteonecrosis of the femoral head occurs as a result of a vascular supply disruption that could lead to hip osteoarthritis. Recently, several joint-preserving procedures have been suggested to improve the outcome of AVN, including hip arthroscopy. This systematic review aimed to investigate the role of hip arthroscopy to preserve hip joints suffering from AVN. Methods: This review was conducted to collect data on hip arthroscopy from the available literature for the management of AVN. The collected articles included those that were focused mainly on the management of AVN assisted by arthroscopy and published up to 2020 that were searched in four databases using such keywords as "Avascular Necrosis", "AVN", and "Osteonecrosis" in combination with "Hip Arthroscopy" or "Arthroscopic Hip Surgery". Results: In total, 13 articles met the eligibility criteria, and no severe complications were reported after arthroscopy in patients with AVN. Moreover, the Harris scores were higher than 79 after the operation. The majority of the assessments showed that the use of arthroscopy was effective in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with AVN, except for one study, which had been performed on patients with stage IV AVN. Conclusion: The findings supported the idea that hip arthroscopy is effective in the treatment of AVN. This approach is becoming more popular for the diagnosis and treatment of hip disorders.

Amputation as a Complication after Total Knee Replacement, is it a Real Concern to be Discussed?: A Systematic Review.

Total knee replacement (TKR) is a growing attractive treatment for a degenerative knee disease. However, there remain some certain devastating complications to be discussed with patients preoperatively, including limb amputation. This systematic review aimed to determine the rate of amputation following TKR. In this study, the literature was searched up to 2019. The papers were included in which knee amputation was reported following TKR. The primary search concluded the articles from EMBASE, SCOPUS, PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, OvidSP, CINAHL, EBSCO, Web of Science™, and CENTRAL. After screening and excluding case reports, 40 papers were included in the present study. The present review showed that amputation is a real end result of knee replacements either in primary or revision knee arthroplasties, which needs to be discussed with patients for their decision-making. Prevalence of amputation in terms of failure or complications after TKR procedures was estimated between 0.1-10% in different studies , with 5.1% amputation rate in infected TKR and 0.025% amputation rate in primary TKR as a result of infection in our review. Deep infection was the main cause of amputation. Vascular complications and fractures associated with bone loss and compartment syndrome were other reasons for amputation.

Clinical Outcome of Anatomical Arthroscopic Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Achilles Tendon Allograft.

BACKGROUND: Regarding this, the present study aimed to assess the clinical outcome of anatomical arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction using Achilles tendon allograft. METHODS: This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on 24 patients undergoing anatomical arthroscopic PCL reconstruction using Achilles tendon allograft during 2008-2014. The patients were examined in terms of knee stability by clinical examinations and KT-2000 arthrometer, as well as regarding health and knee status, over a mean follow-up of 36 months. In addition, the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Kujala, and Lysholm were adopted to collect data. RESULTS: The participants had a mean age of 30±8 years and a mean body mass index of 25±2 kg/m2. Based on the results of the SSD-KT2000 arthrometer, 12.5%, 34.37%, 28.12%, and 25% of the patients had normal, nearly normal, abnormal, and severely abnormal laxity, respectively. In addition, the mean KOOS, Lysholm, IKDC, and Kujala scores were estimated at 73.92±15, 79.50±17, 58.20±10.47, and 80.06±16, respectively. The patients with concomitant partial meniscectomy had a significantly lower IKDC score (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Based on the findings, the use of Achilles tendon allograft in the surgical reconstruction of PCL would yield excellent results both subjectively and objectively. In addition, patient selection and surgeon's choice and preference should be considered in determining the treatment plan for the patients.

The Use of Antibiotic Impregnated Cement Spacers in the Treatment of Infected Total Joint Replacement: Challenges and Achievements.

Two stage total hip arthroplasty revision surgery includes foreign material debridment, insertion of antibiotic impregnated cement spacer, and finally, reimplantation of the prosthesis. This review has aimed to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic impregnated cement spacers in infection control and eradication in arthroplasties. A total of 85 articles on total hip arthroplasty were used in this narrative literature review. High concentrations of the antibiotic in targeted drug delivery by means of using antibiotic impregnated cement spacers is effective against infections while reduces the side effects of systemic antibiotic therapy. This results in prevention of bone and muscle atrophy as well as size discrepancy. Also, antibiotic impregnated cement spacers reduce dead space and help stabilize the limb in total hip arthroplasty. Despite all reported drawbacks, antibiotic impregnated cement spacers seem effective in eradicationg infections, although a consensus has not been yet achieved.

Reliability and Validity of the Persian Version of the Foot Function Index in Patients with Foot Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Foot function index (FFI) is a worthy subjective patient reported outcome measures (PROM) tool for evaluation of the outcomes of medical interventions on foot and ankle. This study was conducted to assess the validity of the Persian version of the foot function index (FFI). METHODS: After translating the original FFI into Persian, back-translation was performed on the agreed Persian version and the final version was established. A total of 113 Persian-speaking patients with foot and ankle problems were enrolled in this study and were asked to fill in the FFI. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha for subsections of FFI and MOXFQ was above 0.8 and 0.7, respectively, while it was 0.95 and 0.93 for total FFI and MOXFQ, respectively. The ICC for all subsections of MOXFQ and FFI was above 0.7. The Pearson's correlation coefficient for all subsections of FFI and MOXFQ was significant (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The Persian version of FFI is valid and reproducible in Persian speaking population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

The clinical Outcome of One-stage High Tibial Osteotomy and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. A Current Concept Systematic and Comprehensive Review.

BACKGROUND: Patients with an anterior cruciate ligament-deficient varus-angulated knee may need not only an isolated high tibial osteotomy (HTO), but also an additional anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). A number of prospective clinical trials have been published considering the combination of HTO and ACL reconstruction. Our aim was to investigate whether one-stage combined HTO and ACL reconstruction is an effective, well-established technique with long-term results in the treatment of varus-angulated knees with ACL deficiency. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted by two independent reviewers by searching the MEDLINE/PubMed and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. These databases were queried with the term 'combined high tibial osteotomy anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction' and 'simultaneous high tibial osteotomy anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction'. RESULTS: From the initial 41 studies we finally chose and assessed 6 studies were eligible according to our inclusion-exclusion criteria. The vast majority of the patients were treated with hamstrings autograft (85.6% of the patients), whereas a small minority had a patellar Bone-to-Bone autograft (12.8% of the patients) and 3 patients received a patellar allograft. High tibial open wedge osteotomy was performed in 116 patients (57.4%) and closed wedge in 86 patients (42.6%). The mean pre-operative angle of the patients included in our review was 6.6º varus, while the mean final post-operative angle was found to be 1.3º valgus. All 6 studies illustrated improved post-operative IKDC with the use of one-stage HTO and ACLR, whereas the reoperation rate was very low. CONCLUSION: Despite the lack of high quality studies, it seems that one-stage HTO and ACLR is a safe and effective procedure for treatment of patients suffering from symptomatic varus osteoarthritis in combination with anterior knee instability.

Clinical Outcome of Anatomical Transportal Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Hamstring Tendon Autograft.

BACKGROUND: Good clinical outcome and return to sport and daily functions after anatomical arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is goal standard in this surgery. but to date, there are different challenging issues between orthopedic surgeons regarding graft selection and surgical techniques. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the patients who underwent anatomical arthroscopic one bundle ACL reconstruction with quadruple hamstring tendon autograft from 2010 to 2016 in our orthopedic sport medicine center. Eighty-two eligible patients (82 knees) who had met our inclusion criteria were examined in terms of knee stability by clinical examinations and KT 2000 arthrometer and - also were evaluated regarding variables related to their health and knee status with a mean 48months follow-up. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients (93.9%) were male and the other 5 cases (6.1%) were female. The mean age was 33 ± 8.06 years old at the time of surgery and mean BMI amount was 26.81 ± 3.72. 78 patients (95%) returned to pre-injury sport activity level after ACL reconstruction and two patients (2.4%) had re-rupture. 63 patients (76.8%) had negative anterior drawer and 67patients (81.8%) negative lachman tests respectively. 10 patients (13%) were found to have positive pivot shift tests which was correlated with pain and a less KOOS scores with a significant difference (P= 0.03). 72 patients (87%) had negative tests in active and 70 (85.4%) had less than 3 mm side to side difference in manual testing by KT2000. Final KOOS score was 70.87 ± 19.76. Mean Lysholm score was 90 ± 4.77. Mean International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score of this study was 85 ± 14.11.Patients who had concomitant partial meniscectomy had significantly lower IKDC scores (P<0.01).Mean kujala score was 79 ± 3.07. CONCLUSION: The use of quadrupled hamstring tendon autograft besides the most important part of the treatment which is the surgical technique would yield to excellent results in ACL reconstruction both subjectively and objectively. In addition, patient selection and surgeon's experience should be considered in determining the treatment plan for the patients.Level of evidence: IV.

Bedside Ultrasonography for Early Diagnosis of Occult Radial Head Fractures in Emergency Room: A CT-Comparative Diagnostic Study.

BACKGROUND: Some of the Mason type I fractures cannot be detected on early radiographic images. These occult fractures are considered as a diagnostic challenge for physicians. Our aim was to determine the value of bedside ultrasonography for the detection of Mason I radial head fractures that are non-visible in early X-ray's. METHODS: A prospective blind single-center diagnostic study was conducted (from June 2012 till May 2013) concerning 23 patients who were clinically suspicious of having a radial head fracture. These patients were evaluated with a bedside high frequency ultrasound in the Emergency Room (E.R.). The two sonographic criteria that were considered to be diagnostic for fracture were: a. effusion besides the radial head-neck and b. cortical discontinuity of the radial head or neck. All patients also underwent a Computed Tomography (CT) as the gold standard imaging modality for diagnosis of occult radial head fractures. RESULTS: Fifteen out of 23 patients were diagnosed with radial head fracture using both ultrasound and CT. On the other hand, there were three patients with negative ultrasound and positive CT, in addition two patients were found positive in the ultrasonographic exam, while this result was not confirmed by the CT scan. In comparison with CT, ultrasound exam appeared to have 83.3% sensitivity, 60% specificity, 88.2% positive prognostic value and 50% negative prognostic value (when at least one diagnostic sonographic criterion was positive). The accuracy of the sonographic study for the diagnosis of the aforementioned fractures was 78.2%. Effusion in contact with the radial neck was the most sensitive sonographic sign (14/15 of the true positive radial head ultrasounds). CONCLUSION: Bedside ultrasound in the E.R. was proven to be a sensitive tool for early (day-1) diagnosis of the occult radial head fractures. It could be used as an adjacent imaging modality in patients suspicious for radial head fracture, when the initial X-rays are negative. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

A modified triple pelvic osteotomy for the treatment of hip hypoplasia.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of hip dysplasia is 1 in 1000. Several pelvic osteotomy methods have been developed to prevent early osteoarthritis, such as triple osteotomy. In this study we are going to introduce our new technique that was done on 4 patients with favorable short-term results. METHODS: Four patients underwent triple osteotomy and fixation using a reconstruction plate and early weight bearing was started. RESULTS: The Harris Hip Score, limb length, center-edge angle, and acetabular inclination showed improvement. CONCLUSION: This modified technique is suggested for corrective surgery on adult dysplastic hips.