ABSTRACT
We assessed the relationship of gene copy number variation (CNV) in mental health/neurodevelopmental traits and diagnoses, physical health and cognition in a community sample of 7100 unrelated children and youth of European or East Asian ancestry (Spit for Science). Clinically significant or susceptibility CNVs were present in 3.9% of participants and were associated with elevated scores on a continuous measure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits (P = 5.0 × 10-3), longer response inhibition (a cognitive deficit found in several mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders; P = 1.0 × 10-2) and increased prevalence of mental health diagnoses (P = 1.9 × 10-6, odds ratio: 3.09), specifically ADHD, autism spectrum disorder anxiety and learning problems/learning disorder (P's < 0.01). There was an increased burden of rare deletions in gene-sets related to brain function or expression in brain associated with more ADHD traits. With the current mental health crisis, our data established a baseline for delineating genetic contributors in pediatric-onset conditions.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Autism Spectrum Disorder , Adolescent , Humans , Child , Mental Health , DNA Copy Number Variations/genetics , Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genome-Wide Association Study , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics , Gene DosageABSTRACT
Low blood levels of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) have been reported to be associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths. Systematic studies measuring LC n-3 PUFA blood levels (pre and post-treatment) in defined subjects, and monitoring the correction of nutritional deficiency with a pure LC n-3 PUFA formulation in sufficient doses, while monitoring CVD risk factors are lacking. We tested the efficacy of a novel LC n-3 PUFA Medical Food formulation (VASCAZEN(®), > 90 % pure with a 6:1 eicosapentaenoic acid-(EPA):docosahexaenoic acid-(DHA) ratio; 6:1-OM3), to correct such deficiency and determine the concomitant effects on lipid profiles. Of 655 subjects screened, 89 % were LC n-3 PUFA deficient (Omega-Score, (OS) = blood EPA + DHA + Docosapentaenoic acid < 6.1 %). From these, a study was conducted on 110 ambulatory cardiovascular subjects. Placebo: corn oil. Primary endpoint: change in OS. Secondary endpoint: changes in blood lipid profiles. At 8 weeks of treatment with 6:1-OM3 (4 g/day), placebo-adjusted median OS levels (n = 56) significantly improved (132 %, P < 0.0001) with a decrease in AA (arachidonic acid): EPA ratio (82 %, P < 0.0001). In hypertriglyceridemic subjects (TG 2.26-5.65 mmol/L), HDL-C improved (9 %, P = 0.0069), TG-reduced (48 %, P < 0.0001), and VLDL-C reduced (30 %, P = 0.0023), without significantly affecting LDL-C levels. This study confirms that LC n-3 PUFA deficiency is prevalent in the US population, and its correction with 6:1-OM3 in CVD subjects improves lipid profiles. The purity, EPA:DHA ratio and dose are determinant factors for optimal efficacy of a formulation in reducing CVD risk factors.
