ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Although the importance of sense of coherence (SOC) and psychological defense mechanisms (PDMs) in the process of coping has been demonstrated, it has not yet been clarified whether individuals with stronger SOC use specific PDMs. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Iran. METHODS: Demographic and injury-related variables including injury level, time since injury, American Spinal Cord Association (ASIA) Scale and Spinal cord independence measure-III were collected among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). SOC was assessed by the Short-form Sense of Coherence Scale. PDMs were identified using 40-version of the Defense Style Questionnaire. RESULTS: Neurotic defense style was the most commonly used style especially. The overall most commonly used PDM was 'rationalization', which was used by 95%. Individuals with stronger SOC used more mature style (P=0.001, r=0.52), particularly 'humor' and 'suppression' mechanisms (P<0.0001 and 0.024, respectively). There was a negative correlation between stronger SOC and the use of immature defenses including passive aggression (P=0.001, r=-0.51), acting out (P=0.001, r=-0.48), isolation (P=0.009, r=-0.50), autistic fantasy (P=0.010, r=-0.30) and somatization (P<0.0001, r=-0.62). Married individuals had significantly stronger SOC (P=0.01). Age, gender, age at the time of injury incidence, time since injury, ASIA score and cause of injury were not determinants of SOC. CONCLUSION: In this study, PDMs, which are more probable to be used by individuals with stronger SOC, have been identified. Mature defenses including 'humor' and 'suppression' are used by stronger SOC more often, whereas immature mechanisms are less likely to be used.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological/physiology , Defense Mechanisms , Sense of Coherence , Spinal Cord Injuries/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Iran , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Statistics, Nonparametric , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Treating major depressive disorders (MDD) with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may impact negatively on sexual function. On the other hand, a satisfying sexual life is associated with overall life satisfaction. Therefore, managing this negative side effect of SSRIs may have an important role in the treatment of MDD. In a former study, adjuvant Rosa damascena oil improved sexual dysfunction in male patients suffering from both MDD and SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction (SSRI-I SD). The aim of the present study was to test whether the same pattern of results would be observed among female patients suffering from both SSRI-I SD and MDD. METHOD: In a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trial, a total of 50 female patients (mean age: 34 years) treated with an SSRI and suffering from MDD and SSRI-I SD were randomly assigned either to the verum (Rosa damascena oil) or to the placebo condition. Patients completed self-ratings of depression and sexual function at baseline, 4 weeks later, and at the end of the study 8 weeks after its start. RESULTS: Sexual desire, sexual orgasms, and sexual satisfaction increased over time. Patients in the verum group reported decreased pain. Overall sexual score increased in the verum as compared to the placebo condition. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas in male patients suffering from both MDD and SSRI-I SD adjuvant Rosa damascena oil improved sexual function, data on female patients are less robust and suggest only modest effects on female sexual function.
Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy , Plant Oils/therapeutic use , Rosa , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/adverse effects , Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological/chemically induced , Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological/drug therapy , Adult , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Toxoplasma gondii and Bartonella spp. are zoonotic pathogens of cats. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLv) are related to human immunodeficiency virus, and human leukemia virus, respectively; all of these viruses are immunosuppressive. In the present study, the prevalence of antibodies to T. gondi, Bartonella spp., FIV, as well as FeLv antigen were determined in sera from 75 domestic and 101 feral cats (Felis catus) from the Caribbean island of Grenada, West Indies. Using a modified agglutination test, antibodies to T. gondii were found in 23 (30.6%) of the 75 pet cats with titers of 1:25 in 1, 1:50 in 3, 1:400 in 4, 1:500 in 12, 1:800 in 2, and 1:1,600 in 1, and 28 (27.7%) of 101 feral cats with titers of 1:25 in 4, 1:50 in 7, 1:200 in 4, 1:400 in 1, 1:500 in 3, 1:800 in 2, 1:1,600 in 3, and 1:3,200 in 4. Overall, in both pet and feral cats, the seroprevalence increased with age. Antibodies to Bartonella spp. were found in 38 (50.6%) of the 75 pet cats and 52.4% of 101 feral cats. Antibodies to FIV were found in 6 domestic and 22 feral cats. None of the 176 cats was positive for FeLv antigen. There was no correlation among T. gondii, Bartonella spp., and FIV seropositivity.
Subject(s)
Bartonella Infections/epidemiology , Cat Diseases/epidemiology , Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology , Leukemia Virus, Feline/immunology , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiology , Age Factors , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Animals , Animals, Domestic , Animals, Wild , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Bartonella/immunology , Bartonella Infections/complications , Cat Diseases/microbiology , Cat Diseases/parasitology , Cats , Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Female , Grenada/epidemiology , Male , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Toxoplasma/immunology , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/complicationsABSTRACT
A study was carried out to determine the association between unintended pregnancy and pre- and postpartum depression in 163 women in Kermanshah city, Islamic Republic of Iran. Using the self-administered Beck Depression Inventory for educated women and a special interview for illiterate women, 105 intended and 58 unintended pregnancies were studied. Of the 58 women with unintended pregnancy, 43% reported attempting to abort the fetus. Depression at 37 weeks' gestation was slightly higher in the unintended than the intended pregnancy group (53.4% versus 41.0%; relative risk = 1.3) and depression 10 days postpartum was much higher in the unintended group (48.7% versus 25.6%; relative risk = 1.9). Screening for depression is recommended for pregnant women with unintended pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Depression, Postpartum/etiology , Depressive Disorder/etiology , Pregnancy Complications/etiology , Pregnancy, Unplanned/psychology , Pregnancy, Unwanted/psychology , Abortion, Criminal/psychology , Adult , Depression, Postpartum/diagnosis , Depression, Postpartum/epidemiology , Depression, Postpartum/prevention & control , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/epidemiology , Depressive Disorder/prevention & control , Educational Status , Female , Gravidity , Health Services Needs and Demand , Humans , Income , Iran/epidemiology , Mass Screening , Maternal Age , Occupations/statistics & numerical data , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology , Pregnancy Complications/prevention & control , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Risk , Risk Factors , Self-Assessment , Surveys and Questionnaires , Urban Population/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
A study was carried out to determine the association between unintended pregnancy and pre- and postpartum depression in 163 women in Kermanshah city, Islamic Republic of Iran. Using the self-administered Beck Depression Inventory for educated women and a special interview for illiterate women, 105 intended and 58 unintended pregnancies were studied. Of the 58 women with unintended pregnancy, 43% reported attempting to abort the fetus. Depression at 37 weeks' gestation was slightly higher in the unintended than the intended pregnancy group [53.4% versus 41.0%; relative risk = 1.3] and depression 10 days postpartum was much higher in the unintended group [48.7% versus 25.6%; relative risk = 1.9]. Screening for depression is recommended for pregnant women with unintended pregnancy
