[Effect of culture density on the polyteny degree of giant chromosomes in inbred lines and hybrids of Drosophila melanogaster]. / Vliianie plotnosti kul'tury na stepen' politenii gigantskikh khromosom inbrednykh linii i gibridov Drosophila melanogaster.

The influence of culture density and genotype on the polyteny degree of giant chromosomes (PDC) in Drosophila melanogaster was investigated. The reliable depression of the polytene chromosomes endoreduplication function under increased culture density was revealed. The essential dependence of the PDC on the genotype was shown. Correlation between the PDC and the number of adaptive features was established. The certain parallelism between the increased heterosis effect on the number of quantitative characters and the superiority of the hybrids above the inbred lines on the PDC in conditions of high culture density was found out. The sex-dependent distinctions and maternal effect at the inheritance of the PDC in drosophila were shown.

[The effect of heterosis on inheritance of quantitative traits in silkworm exposed to electromagnetic irradiation]. / Effekt geterozisa i nasledovanie kolichestvennykh priznakov u tutovogo shelkopriada v usloviiakh élektromagnitnogo oblucheniia.

The effect of heterosis was studied in several quantitative traits of clone breed and interbreed silkworm hybrids exposed to electromagnetic irradiation (lambda = 1.6 cm, power density 700 microW/cm2) during postdiapause embryonic development. The influence of the type of reproduction on the manifestation of irradiation effects in the next generation was also examined. In hybrids, the resistance to low-intensity high-frequency irradiation was higher than in the parental forms. Unlike the latter, the hybrids showed no significant modification of the traits after the exposure to electromagnetic irradiation. In the second generation, the modifying effect of irradiation is retained in the case of parthenogenetic silkworm development but not after mating.

[Influence of the genotype on the polytene chromosome puffing and bioelectrical properties of cellular nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster treated with ecdysone in vivo and in vitro experiments]. / Vliianie genotipa na pufing politennykh khromosom i bioélektricheskie svoistva kletochnykh iader Drosophila melanogaster v sviazi s deistviem ékdizona v opytakh in vivo i in vitro.

Activity of polytene chromosome puffs at the 0-hour prepupae stage and bioelectric properties of cellular nuclei of salivary glands were investigated under the influence of the hormone 20-OH-ecdysone in vitro in highly inbred selected lines LA (low activity) and HA (high activity) and their F1 hybrids LA x HA and Ha x LA. The inadaptive line LA differs from the line HA by the smaller size of the puffs. The hybrids exceed the best parental line by the size of the majority of the investigated puffs. In the course of investigation of F1 hybrids Ha x LA chromosomes the phenomenon of heteropuffing has been revealed at the asinapsis sites. In vitro impact of ecdysone increases the electrokinetic potential of cellular nuclei; in hybrids this effect expressed more strongly than in parental lines. The data obtained indicate genetic differences in puffing activity in Drosophila polytene chromosomes as a result of inbreeding, destabilizing selection and heterosis effect, and they also confirm the correlation of bioelectric properties of the nuclear genome with regulation of genetic activity of a cellular nucleus.

[The effect of the genotype on the expressiveness of the vestigial trait and polyteny of chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster Meig]. / Vliianie genotipa na ékspressivnost' priznaka vestigial i stepen' politenii khromosom Drosophila melanogaster Meig.

The effects of the Bar (B) and white (w) mutations on the expressiveness of the character vestigial (vg) and the degree of polyteny of salivary gland giant chromosomes were studied in Drosophila melanogaster. Either mutation changed both the expressiveness of vestigial and the degree of chromsome polyteny. A negative association between the vg expressiveness and the degree of chromosome polyteny was revealed and proved to be stronger in females than in males. The parameters under study were shown to differ between females and males.

Modification of electrokinetic properties of nuclei in human buccal epithelial cells by electric fields.

The influence of an alternating (50 Hz) electric field (5--110 V/cm) on the state of human buccal epithelium cells was studied by the methods of intracellular microelectrophoresis, heterochromatin staining with orcein, and indigo carmine staining for viability and membrane integrity evaluations. Electric field exposure induced an increase in electrophoretic mobility of cell nuclei, decreased numbers of heterochromatin granules near the inner membrane of cell nucleus, and induced cell membrane damage; but cell viability was conserved. Nuclear and cell membrane properties varied with electric field strength and age of the donors. The data obtained are interpreted as evidence of electric field induced activation of the functional state of nuclei.

[Effect of culture density and degree of expression of the trait "eyeless" and degree of polyteny of giant chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster]. / Vliianie plotnosti kul'tury na ékspessivnost' priznaka "eyeless" i stepen' politenii gigantskikh khromosom u Drosophila melanogaster.

Effects of culture density on expressivity of character eyeless and polyteny of giant chromosomes were studied in Drosophila melanogaster. Larval crowding was shown to significantly reduce eye facets. The expression of eyeless was sex-dependent: in females, this character was expressed more strongly than in males. Larval crowding resulted in a decrease of chromosome polyteny in larval salivary glands. A strong negative correlation was established between the expressivity of eyeless and the degree of giant chromosome polyteny.

[Changes in the function of the nucleus and chromatin of human cells under the action of hormonal factors in vitro]. / Izmenenie sostoianiia iadra i khromatina kletok cheloveka pri deistvii gormonal'nykh faktorov in vitro.

The influence of hormones--adrenaline, noradrenaline, hydrocortisone on the electronegativity of cell nuclei (ENN) was shown by the method of intracellular microelectrophoresis. Changes in heterochromatin state were estimated on the basis of heterochromatin granules (chromocenters) quantity. Adrenaline and noradrenaline induced the decrease in ENN, the maximum effect was revealed with hormones concentration observed in human blood during physical training. The hormonal effect increased with gradual increase of the exposition time from 5 to 120 min. Hydrocortisone also decreased ENN. Adrenaline, and in some cases hydrocortisone, induced the significant increase of heterochromatin granule quantity. The correlation of this process with ENN decrease was shown only in the case of adrenaline. Obtained data are discussed in connection with regulation mechanisms of cell nucleus functional activity.

Microwave irradiation influences on the state of human cell nuclei.

Changes of electrokinetic properties of cell nuclei and the quantity of granules of heterochromatin located near the nuclear envelope in nuclei of human buccal epithelium cells were studied under the influence of electromagnetic fields in vitro. Irradiation of cells was realized by means of a semiconductor generator of millimeter radiation (wavelength 7.1 mm, frequency 42.2 GHz), the Yav-1 apparatus for extremely high frequency therapy. It was shown that irradiation of cells induced a decrease in electric charge of native human buccal epithelium cell nuclei and an increase in chromatin condensation in nuclei. The observed effects depend on irradiation dose and individual peculiarities of donors.

[Cytogenetic and cytobiophysical study of temperature adaptation and heterosis mechanisms in Drosophila melanogaster Meig]. / Tsitogeneticheskoe i tsitobiofizicheskoe issledovanie mekhanazmov temperaturnykh adaptatsii i éffekta geterozisa u Drosophila melanogaster Meig.

The degree of polyteny of giant chromosomes and electrokinetic properties of cell nuclei salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster were studied in relation to genotype and rearing temperature. Inbred and selected Drosophila lines and interlinear F1 hybrids were used. The experiments were conducted in three temperature regimes: 25 (control), 18, and 28 degrees C. At low (18 degrees C) and high (28 degrees C) temperatures, the degree of polyteny and number of electronegative nuclei was respectively higher and lower than in the control. The correlation of these parameters with a number of adaptive traits was studied. The results suggest that chromosome polyteny and nuclear electrokinetic potential play a significant role in heterosis and adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster to adverse temperatures.

On connection between the electrokinetic properties of cell nuclei and human biological age.

An original method of intracellular microelectrophoresis of cell nuclei has been developed and using this technique the dependence of the electrokinetic potential of cell nuclei on the human age is calculated. This new method, obtained for every age group, allows the calculation of electrokinetic potentials, the determination of human biological ages and changes in energies of an organism provoked by different causes, i.e. tiredness, medical drugs and narcotics consumption. Ionizing radiation, etc. can also be determined. This method is applied to many areas of medicine, sport and work practice.

On age-related changes of cell membrane permeability in human buccal epithelium cells.

An original method for the determination of cell membrane permeability has been developed. Human buccal epithelium cells were treated with Indigo Carmine and the percentage of stained cells was determined. Employing this method, the age-related differences in properties of plasma membrane in cells of human buccal epithelium were demonstrated. In the group of aged donors the average level of cell stainability was higher than in the group of younger donors. These results demonstrate a decrease in outer cell membrane integrity with age.

[Cytomorphometric study of polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster Meig. in connection to the heterosis effect, selection by adaptively important traits and sex]. / Tsitomorfometricheskoe issledovanie politennykh khromosom Drosophila melanogaster Meig. v sviazi s éffektom geterozisa, otborom po adaptivno vazhnym priznakam i polom.

Four classes of cell nuclei containing polytene chromosomes of different diameters were detected in the salivary glands of Drosophila at the stage of 0-hour prepupae. The diameter of chromosomes was shown to depend on the level of polyteny. In the selected highly inbred lines LA (low activity) and HA (high activity) and in their F1 hybrids LA x HA and HA x LA, the ratios of nuclei containing chromosomes with different levels of polyteny were analyzed. It was established that chromosomes of an inadaptive line LA have a decreased level of polyteny. The hybrids were superior to both parent lines in terms of the trait studied. Giant chromosomes of line and hybrid females had higher levels of polyteny than male chromosomes. It is shown that the level of polyteny of giant chromosomes in Drosophila lines and their hybrids is correlated with differences in traits with a high adaptive value, such as rate of development, fertility, heat resistance, competitiveness, etc.

[Ecdysone-dependent changes in the activity of ontogenetic puffs in the salivary glands of Drosophila cultivated in vitro as regards the effect of heterosis and selection of adaptively significant characters]. / Ekdizonzavisimye izmeneniia aktivnosti pufov ontogeneza v sliunnykh zhelezakh Drozofily, kul'tiviruemykh in vitro, v sviazi s éffektom geterozisa i otborom po adaptivno vazhnym priznakam.

Regression of 4 intermolt and induction of 14 early ecdysone puffs in two inbred stocks of Drosophila with high (HA) and low (LA) activity and hybrid F1 HA x LA were studied. Experiments were performed in vitro with ecdysone-containing media. Differences in developmental rate and fitness of stocks HA, LA and their hybrid were shown to correlate with the rate of change in polythene chromosomes puffing activity. Adaptive heterosis and ontogenetic homeostasis mechanisms are under discussion in connection with the results obtained.

[Parallel changes in the puffing of polytene chromosomes and bioelectric properties of salivary gland cell nuclei in Drosophila melanogaster after heat shock]. / Parallel'nye izmeneniia pufinga politennykh khromosom i bioélektricheskikh svoistv kletochnykh iader v sliunnykh zhelezakh Drosophila melanogaster posle teplovogo shoka.

The dynamics of heat-shock puff activity and cell nuclei electrophoretic mobility in the larvae salivary glands of normal and temperature-sensitive mutant stocks of Drosophila melanogaster after heat shock (37 degrees C) were studied. The parallel changes of these characters and interlinear differences affected by ts mutation were found. Positive correlation between heat shock puff size and cell nuclei electrophoretic mobility was detected.

[Characteristics of recombination of heterosis hybrids of Drosophila melanogaster in high temperature conditions]. / Osobennosti rekombinatsii u geterozisnykh gibridov Drosophila melanogaster v usloviiakh vysokoi temperatury.

Spontaneous and high temperature-induced crossing over in regions b-cn and cn-vg of chromosome 2 was studied in Drosophila stocks and hybrids differing in fertility level and heat resistance. No essential distinction in recombination frequency was revealed in variants studied under the temperature 21-22 degrees C. The effect of temperature on 1- and 10-days imago during 4 or 7 h under 35 degrees C leads to increase in exchange frequency in the region b-cn. The hybrids show weaker reaction to this influence.

[Dynamics of heat shock puffs in highly-inbred strains and heterosis hybrids of Drosophila melanogaster]. / Osobennosti dinamiki pufov teplovogo shoka u vysokoinbrednykh linii i geterozisnykh gibridov Drosophila melanogaster.

This study is aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of high heat resistance of heterosis hybrids. For this purpose, the dynamics of heat shock puffs of the high-inbred HA and BA lines as well as the HAxBA heterosis hybrids has been studied. Inadaptive properties of the HA line were observed to be expressed at the organism and cell levels, which is reflected by later induction of heat shock puffs. In the hybrids, these puffs occur considerably quicker, when heated, than with the high-inbred lines. Our conclusion is that the dynamics peculiarities of heat shock puffs reflect the differences in line and hybrid heat resistance. The higher heat resistance of the hybrid manifests itself in an earlier induction of heat shock puffs.