Optimization of the collective Thomson scattering diagnostic for the GDT open magnetic trap.

The collective Thomson scattering of high-power millimeter-wave radiation on plasma density fluctuations (CTS) is widely used for diagnosing the velocity distribution function of energetic ions in fusion plasma. In this paper, we discuss a non-standard scheme of CTS measurements, which exploits strong refraction of probing and scattered microwave beams when reflecting from the cut-off layer in dense plasma. The scheme may be realized with the existing CTS diagnostic system at the Gas-Dynamic Trap (GDT) facility, a large open magnetic trap operating at Budker Institute (Novosibirsk, Russia). This requires a minor upgrade of the available hardware and essentially increases the range of plasma densities allowed for CTS measurements, as well as its sensitivity and spatial resolution. A detailed study of CTS efficiency for different geometries and plasma conditions at GDT is performed by means of an advanced numerical model that allows for an accurate description of non-Gaussian beam scattering in inhomogeneous plasma. To perform this task, we develop a quasi-optical theory of scattering, which itself may be of general interest.

Critical behavior near the instability threshold of an electron cyclotron maser formed in a mirror magnetic trap.

High-power electron cyclotron resonance discharge in a laboratory open trap is frequently accompanied by growth of electron cyclotron instabilities. We study a simple universal model that explains some of the stability conditions of such plasma observed experimentally, in particular, its crucial dependence on localization of the rf power deposition zone with respect to a minimum of B. An instability threshold seems to be sensitive to particular details of electron losses in a velocity space. Comparing theoretical predictions for the threshold condition with available measurements sheds light on a structure of fast-electron losses in ongoing experiments.

Investigation of ion acceleration effect influence on formation of ambipolar potential profile in the expander region.

This paper presents a study of plasma flux characteristics flowing out from the gas-dynamic mirror trap along the magnetic field lines to a metal wall. The main feature of the current work is that the effect of ion acceleration by ambipolar potential is considered in the expander region. The developed model also takes into account a possibility of transition from the collisional expansion of electron flow in the vicinity of the magnetic plug to the collisionless regime. The developed model allows calculation of the ambipolar potential profile and plasma characteristics in the expander region.

Observation of Poincaré-Andronov-Hopf Bifurcation in Cyclotron Maser Emission from a Magnetic Plasma Trap.

We report the first experimental evidence of a controlled transition from the generation of periodic bursts of electromagnetic radiation into the continuous-wave regime of a cyclotron maser formed in magnetically confined nonequilibrium plasma. The kinetic cyclotron instability of the extraordinary wave of weakly inhomogeneous magnetized plasma is driven by the anisotropic electron population resulting from electron cyclotron plasma heating in a MHD-stable minimum-B open magnetic trap.

[Method of forming a distal anastomosis with an autovenous cuff]. / Sposob formirovaniia distal'nogo anastomoza s autovenoznoi manzhetoi.

Presented herein is a brief review of the world literature dedicated to methods of formation of composite arterial anastomoses in the femoropopliteal-tibial region The most justified is considered the use of a composite shunt formed proximally from a synthetic vascular graft made of polytetrafluoroethylene and distally with an extension from a portion of the suitable for reconstruction autovein (the so-called autovenous cuff of patch). The use of an autovenous cuff is more physiological since it provides closer correspondence of the diameters of the distal anastomosis being applied between the artery and autovenous extension, as well as contributes to creation of more adequate haemodynamic conditions in the shunt. Also analysed is the technique of performing the previously suggested anastomoses, demonstrating their main disadvantages. This is followed by describing a new original method of formation of a distal anastomosis using an autovenous insert, showing its advantages, with the main amongst them being the presence of only two vascular sutures and a decrease in the possibility of the onset and development of turbulence in the zone of the anastomosis. A conclusion is drawn that the suggested method contributes to decreasing the duration of the main stage of the operation, decreases the probability of technical defects and reduces the risk for the development of postoperative complications associated with impairments of the processes of haemodynamics in the zone of the anastomosis formed.

Threefold Increase of the Bulk Electron Temperature of Plasma Discharges in a Magnetic Mirror Device.

This Letter describes plasma discharges with a high temperature of bulk electrons in the axially symmetric high-mirror-ratio (R=35) open magnetic system gas dynamic trap (GDT) in the Budker Institute (Novosibirsk). According to Thomson scattering measurements, the on-axis electron temperature averaged over a number of sequential shots is 660±50 eV with the plasma density being 0.7×10^{19} m^{-3}; in few shots, electron temperature exceeds 900 eV. This corresponds to at least a threefold increase with respect to previous experiments both at GDT and at other comparable machines, thus, demonstrating the highest quasistationary (about 1 ms) electron temperature achieved in open traps. The breakthrough is made possible by application of a new 0.7 MW/54.5 GHz electron cyclotron resonance heating system in addition to standard 5 MW heating by neutral beams, and application of a radial electric field to mitigate the flute instability.

Linear coupling of electromagnetic waves in gyrotropic media.

The theory of linear mode conversion near evanescent layers is generalized for non-one-dimensionally inhomogeneous gyrotropic media. Effects are found that cannot be described within the standard one-dimensional paradigm of wave tunneling through the evanescent region when the mode coupling region assumes essentially two-dimensional topology.

Cyclotron-resonance maser driven by magnetic compression of rarefied plasma.

Conditions are found at which adiabatic magnetic compression of plasma confined in a mirror magnetic trap is accompanied by the accumulation of significant energy in a hot anisotropic electron tail with the subsequent release of this energy as a pulse of coherent electromagnetic radiation. The possibilities of creating THz radiation sources up to the GW power level are discussed.