ABSTRACT
With the massive expansion of videos on the internet, searching through millions of them has become quite challenging. Smartphones, recording devices, and file sharing are all examples of ways to capture massive amounts of real time video. In smart cities, there are many surveillance cameras, which has created a massive volume of video data whose indexing, retrieval, and administration is a difficult problem. Exploring such results takes time and degrades the user experience. In this case, video summarization is extremely useful. Video summarization allows for the efficient storing, retrieval, and browsing of huge amounts of information from video without sacrificing key features. This article presents a classification and analysis of video summarization approaches, with a focus on real-time video summarization (RVS) domain techniques that can be used to summarize videos. The current study will be useful in integrating essential research findings and data for quick reference, laying the preliminaries, and investigating prospective research directions. A variety of practical uses, including aberrant detection in a video surveillance system, have made successful use of video summarization in smart cities.
ABSTRACT
Intracellular calcium signaling is critical for initiating and sustaining diverse cellular functions including transcription, synaptic signaling, muscle contraction, apoptosis and fertilization. Trans-membrane 203 (TMEM203) was identified here in cDNA overexpression screens for proteins capable of modulating intracellular calcium levels using activation of a calcium/calcineurin regulated transcription factor as an indicator. Overexpression of TMEM203 resulted in a reduction of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) calcium stores and elevation in basal cytoplasmic calcium levels. TMEM203 protein was localized to the ER and found associated with a number of ER proteins which regulate ER calcium entry and efflux. Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Tmem203 deficient mice had reduced ER calcium stores and altered calcium homeostasis. Tmem203 deficient mice were viable though male knockout mice were infertile and exhibited a severe block in spermiogenesis and spermiation. Expression profiling studies showed significant alternations in expression of calcium channels and pumps in testes and concurrently Tmem203 deficient spermatocytes demonstrated significantly altered calcium handling. Thus Tmem203 is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of cellular calcium homeostasis, is required for spermatogenesis and provides a causal link between intracellular calcium regulation and spermiogenesis.
Subject(s)
Calcium/metabolism , Homeostasis , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Spermatogenesis , Animals , Calcineurin/metabolism , Calcium Signaling , Cell Line , Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism , Epididymis/metabolism , Epididymis/pathology , Female , Gene Expression , Gene Expression Regulation , Humans , Infertility, Male/genetics , Infertility, Male/metabolism , Intracellular Space/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Protein Binding , Transcription Factors/metabolismABSTRACT
The IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex serves as the master regulator for the activation of NF-kappaB by various stimuli. It contains two catalytic subunits, IKKalpha and IKKbeta, and a regulatory subunit, IKKgamma/NEMO. The activation of IKK complex is dependent on the phosphorylation of IKKalpha/beta at its activation loop and the K63-linked ubiquitination of NEMO. However, the molecular mechanism by which these inducible modifications occur remains undefined. Here, we demonstrate that CARMA1, a key scaffold molecule, is essential to regulate NEMO ubiquitination upon T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. However, the phosphorylation of IKKalpha/beta activation loop is independent of CARMA1 or NEMO ubiquitination. Further, we provide evidence that TAK1 is activated and recruited to the synapses in a CARMA1-independent manner and mediate IKKalpha/beta phosphorylation. Thus, our study provides the biochemical and genetic evidence that phosphorylation of IKKalpha/beta and ubiquitination of NEMO are regulated by two distinct pathways upon TCR stimulation.
Subject(s)
I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Ubiquitin/metabolism , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/deficiency , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism , Animals , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/deficiency , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism , B-Cell CLL-Lymphoma 10 Protein , CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins/deficiency , CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins/metabolism , Enzyme Activation , Humans , I-kappa B Kinase/deficiency , Jurkat Cells , Lysine/metabolism , MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/metabolism , Membrane Microdomains/metabolism , Mice , Models, Immunological , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Phosphorylation , Protein Kinase C/metabolism , Protein Transport , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology , Subcellular Fractions/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/enzymologyABSTRACT
Receptor-interacting protein (RIP) plays a critical role in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced IkappaB kinase (IKK) activation and subsequent activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB. However, the molecular mechanism by which RIP mediates TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation is not completely defined. In this study, we have found that TAK1 is recruited to the TNF-alpha receptor complex in a RIP-dependent manner following the stimulation of TNF-alpha receptor 1 (TNF-R1). Moreover, a forced recruitment of TAK1 to TNF-R1 in the absence of RIP is sufficient to mediate TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation, indicating that the major function of RIP is to recruit its downstream kinases to the TNF-R1 complex. Interestingly, we also find that TAK1 and MEKK3 form a functional complex, in which TAK1 regulates autophosphorylation of MEKK3. The TAK1-mediated regulation of MEKK3 phosphorylation is dependent on the kinase activity of TAK1. Although TAK1-MEKK3 interaction is not affected by overexpressed TAB1, TAB1 is required for TAK1 activation and subsequent MEKK3 phosphorylation. Together, we conclude that TAK1 is recruited to the TNF-R1 complex via RIP and likely cooperates with MEKK3 to activate NF-kappaB in TNF-alpha signaling.
Subject(s)
MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 3/metabolism , MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/physiology , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins/metabolism , Blotting, Western , Cell Line , Cell Nucleus/metabolism , Humans , Immunoprecipitation , Jurkat Cells , Luciferases/metabolism , MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/metabolism , Microscopy, Confocal , Peptides/chemistry , Phosphorylation , Plasmids/metabolism , Protein Binding , Protein Structure, Tertiary , RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism , Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases , Signal Transduction , Transfection , Two-Hybrid System TechniquesABSTRACT
A total of 62,475 children <5 years old from a defined population of approximately 500,000 children and adults from slums in New Delhi, India, were assessed for 1 year by means of passive surveillance, to identify children who were hospitalized for diarrhea. The incidence of severe rotavirus diarrhea was estimated, and the G and P types of the infecting rotavirus strains were determined and were correlated with the clinical severity of diarrhea. Of 584 children who were hospitalized with diarrhea, 137 (23.5%) had rotavirus detected in stool specimens (incidence of rotavirus diarrhea-associated hospitalizations, 337 hospitalizations/100,000 children <5 years of age). Most cases of diarrhea (98%) occurred during the first 2 years of life, peaking at 9-11 months of age. Rotavirus-associated diarrhea occurred year-round but was predominant in winter. Among the strains that could be G-typed, G1 was the most common serotype, followed by G9 and G2; 10% of cases of diarrhea were due to mixed G-type infections. Common strains identified in the present surveillance study were P[8]G1, P[4]G2, P[8]G9, P[6]G1, P[6]G9, and P[6]G3. Children infected with G1 strains had a greater risk of developing more-severe cases of diarrhea than did children infected with other rotavirus strains (odds ratio, 2.95; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-6.67).
Subject(s)
Diarrhea/epidemiology , Population Surveillance , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , Rotavirus/genetics , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Diarrhea/virology , Hospitals , Humans , Incidence , India/epidemiology , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Patient Admission , Poverty , Rotavirus/pathogenicity , Rotavirus Infections/virology , Seasons , Species Specificity , Urban Population , Virulence/geneticsABSTRACT
Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel cry gene, cry32Aa, of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. yunnanensis was carried out. The Cry32Aa protein was predicted to have a molecular mass of 139.2 kDa and was found to have an unusual 42-amino-acid-long tail at the C terminus. The cry32Aa gene was localized on the 103-MDa plasmid of the organism. Bioassays showed no toxicity against several moths and mosquitoes. However, it exhibited weak toxicity against larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella.
