If you give a mouse a mutation: comparing the therapeutic utility of renowned mouse models of human cancers.

Cancers of the breast, prostate and intestinal tract account for most cancer-associated deaths in humans and represent several of the highest incidence human neoplasms. Therefore, understanding the underlying pathophysiology, including the formation and propagation of these cancers, is key to designing potential treatments. Over the last 50 years or more, genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have been instrumental platforms to our discovery of neoplastic disease as many follow near-identical molecular and histological progression as human tumours. In this mini review, we summarize three key preclinical models and focus on some of the major findings in relation to clinical care. We discuss the MMTV-PyMT (polyomavirus middle T antigen) mouse, TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate) mouse and APCMin (multiple intestinal neoplasm mutation of APC gene) mouse, which mimic breast, prostate and intestinal cancers, respectively. We aim to describe the significant contributions these GEMMs have made to our collective understanding of high-incidence cancers as well as briefly discuss the limitations of each model as a device for therapeutic discovery.

Schizencephaly as an Unusual Cause of Adult-Onset Epilepsy: A Case Report.

Schizencephaly is a very rare anatomical malformation of the cerebrum characterized by a cleft extending from the cortex to the ventricles. Usually, this disease is diagnosed at a very young age or in early adulthood. Symptoms may vary depending on the site and the size of the malformation. Here, we are describing the unique case of a 21-year-old female, with a past medical history of migraine-type headaches, who presented after the first-onset seizure and was found to have open-lip schizencephaly. She was started on levetiracetam with no complications. In this report, we are trying to describe the proposed etiology and discuss the typical clinical presentation of schizencephaly and compare it to our adult patient who survived childhood without significant cognitive or neurological impairment.

Negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the timely diagnosis of tick-borne infections.

We describe 3 adult patients who did not have COVID-19 but instead had a treatable tick-borne infection. In each case, however, the duration of time until diagnosis was delayed due to issues that have arisen because of the COVID-19 pandemic. These issues need to be addressed to preserve patient well-being.

Patients with Erythema Migrans: Characterizing the Impact of Initiation of Antibiotic Therapy Prior to Study Enrollment.

Erythema migrans is the most common clinical manifestation of Lyme disease, with concomitant subjective symptoms occurring in ∼65% of cases in the United States. We evaluated the impact of having been started on antibiotic treatment before study enrollment on 12 particular symptoms for 38 subjects with erythema migrans versus 52 untreated subjects. There were no significant differences in the frequency of having at least one symptom or in the symptom severity score on study entry. However, the frequency of having at least one symptom was significantly greater for those who had received <7 days of antibiotic treatment than for those who had been treated for ≥7 days (23/24 [95.8%] versus 8/14 [57.1%], P = 0.006). In addition, the percentage of subjects who were males was significantly lower among the group on treatment than among the untreated study subjects (13/38 [34.2%] versus 34/52 [65.4%], P = 0.005). In conclusion, based on these findings, combining untreated and treated groups of patients with erythema migrans for research study analyses may have limitations and, depending on the study objectives, might not be preferred. Additional studies are warranted to better understand the day-to-day impact of antibiotic treatment on the presence, type, and severity of symptoms in patients with early Lyme disease.