Growth, mortality, and resource utilization of Gymnocypris chui in Langcuo Lake of Tibetan Plateau, China.

To investigate the growth, mortality, and resource utilization of Gymnocypris chui in Langcuo Lake of Tibetan Plateau, we measured body length and body weight of 389 fish based on four sampling surveys from October 2018 to November 2019. We identified the ages through lapillus. Based on frequency distribution of body length, we estimated the growth and mortality coefficients of G. chui in Langcuo Lake and the utilization status of existing population resources according to the Beverton-Holt dynamic comprehensive model. The results showed that G. chui were mainly composed of individuals aged 2 to 19 years in Langcuo Lake, with a length-body weight relationship equation of W=0.0105L3.042. The von Bertalanffy growth equation revealed that the fish had an asymptotic body length of L∞=37.28 cm, growth coefficient of k=0.160, and theoretical growth starting age of t0=-0.887 a. The total mortality coefficient Z was estimated as 0.48, based on the length-converted catch curve method. According to Pauly's empirical formula, the natural mortality coefficient M was 0.34, fishing mortality coefficient F was 0.14, and exploitation rate E was 0.29, indicating that G. chui resources in Langcuo Lake were not over-exploited. Considering the growth and mortality of G. chui in Langcuo Lake, fishing is appropriate, with a recommended fishing length of Lc=22.37 cm.

Elucidation of active ingredients and mechanism of action of hawthorn in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.

Hawthorn (HT), a functional food and medicinal herb for centuries in China, has potential preventive and therapeutic effects on atherosclerosis (AS). However, the mechanisms and active ingredients of HT in the prevention and treatment of AS are unclear. This study aimed to reveal active components and mechanism of HT in the prevention and treatment of AS using UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS and network pharmacology. A total of 50 compounds were identified by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS. Six core targets and six active compounds were obtained by network pharmacology. Apigenin, luteolin, chrysin, quercetin, oleanic acid, and corosolic acid were the active components in the prevention and treatment of AS, and core targets included SRC, HSP90AA1, MAPK3, EGFR, HRAS, and AKT1. The key signaling pathways involved are MAPK, HIF-1, NF-kappa B, PI3K-Akt, TNF, Rap1, Ras, and VEGF signaling pathways. Further molecular docking results indicated that the six active compounds had strong hydrogen bonding ability with the six core targets. On the molecular level, HT may regulate AS by controlling cell survival and proliferation, reducing the levels of enzymes HMG-CoA reductase and lipoprotein lipase and inhibiting inflammatory response. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: HT can serve as "medicine-food homology" for dietary supplement and exert potential preventive and therapeutic effects on AS. However, the mechanisms of HT in the prevention and treatment of AS are unclear. This study describes a rapid method of detecting and identifying the components and mechanism of HT based on LC-MS and network pharmacology, which provides a theoretical and scientific support for further application of HT and guidance for the research of other herbal medicines.

Nonmulberry silk fibroin-based biomaterials: Impact on cell behavior regulation and tissue regeneration.

Silk fibroin (SF) is a promising biomaterial due to its good biocompatibility, easy availability, and high mechanical properties. Compared with mulberry silk fibroin (MSF), nonmulberry silk fibroin (NSF) isolated from typical nonmulberry silkworm silk exhibits unique arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequences with favorable cell adhesion enhancing effect. This inherent property probably makes the NSF more suitable for cell culture and tissue regeneration-related applications. Accordingly, various types of NSF-based biomaterials, such as particles, films, fiber mats, and 3D scaffolds, are constructed and their application potential in different biomedical fields is extensively investigated. Based on these promising NSF biomaterials, this review firstly makes a systematical comparison between the molecular structure and properties of MSF and typical NSF and highlights the unique properties of NSF. In addition, we summarize the effective fabrication strategies from degummed nonmulberry silk fibers to regenerated NSF-based biomaterials with controllable formats and their recent application progresses in cell behavior regulation and tissue regeneration. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for the fabrication and application of NSF-based biomaterials are discussed. Related research and perspectives may provide valuable references for designing and modifying effective NSF-based and other natural biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There exist many reviews about mulberry silk fibroin (MSF) biomaterials and their biomedical applications, while that about nonmulberry silk fibroin (NSF) biomaterials is scarce. Compared with MSF, NSF exhibits unique arginine-glycine-aspartic acid sequences with promising cell adhesion enhancing effect, which makes NSF more suitable for cell culture and tissue regeneration related applications. Focusing on these advanced NSF biomaterials, this review has systematically compared the structure and properties of MSF and NSF, and emphasized the unique properties of NSF. Following that, the effective construction strategies for NSF-based biomaterials are summarized, and their recent applications in cell behavior regulations and tissue regenerations are highlighted. Furthermore, current challenges and future perspectives for the fabrication and application of NSF-based biomaterials were discussed.

Nano-drug co-delivery system of natural active ingredients and chemotherapy drugs for cancer treatment: a review.

Chemotherapy drugs have been used for a long time in the treatment of cancer, but serious side effects are caused by the inability of the drug to be solely delivered to the tumor when treating cancer with chemotherapy. Natural products have attracted more and more attention due to the antitumor effect in multiple ways, abundant resources and less side effects. Therefore, the combination of natural active ingredients and chemotherapy drugs may be an effective antitumor strategy, which can inhibit the growth of tumor and multidrug resistance, reduce side effects of chemotherapy drugs. Nano-drug co-delivery system (NDCDS) can play an important role in the combination of natural active ingredients and chemotherapy drugs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the research status and application prospect of nano-delivery strategies for the combination of natural active ingredients and chemotherapy drugs, aiming to provide a basis for the development of anti-tumor drugs.

Traditional uses, phytochemistry, transformation of ingredients and pharmacology of the dried seeds of Raphanus sativus L. (Raphani Semen), A comprehensive review.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Raphani Semen (Lai Fu-zi in Chinese, RS), the dried seeds of Raphanus sativus L., is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. RS has long been used for eliminating bloating and digestion, antitussive, expectorant and anti-asthmatic in clinical treatment of traditional Chinese medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY: This review provides a critical and comprehensive summary of traditional uses, phytochemistry, transformation of ingredients and pharmacology of RS based on research data that have been reported, aiming at providing a basis for further study on RS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search terms "Raphani Semen", "the seeds of Raphanus sativus L." and "radish seed" were used to obtain the information from electronic databases such as Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed and other web search instruments. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, transformation of ingredients and pharmacology of RS were summarized. RESULTS: RS has been traditionally used to treat food dyspeptic retention, distending pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, constipation, diarrhea and dysentery, panting, and cough with phlegm congestion in the clinical practice. The chemical constituents of RS include glucosinolates and sulfur-containing derivatives, phenylpropanoid sucrosides, small organic acids and derivatives, flavone glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, oligosaccharides and others. Among them, glucosinolates can be transformated to isothiocyanates by plant myrosinase or the intestinal flora, which display a variety of activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, treatment of metabolic diseases, central nervous system protection, anti-osteoporosis. RS has a variety of pharmacological activities, including treatment of metabolic diseases, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, antihypertensive, central nervous system protection, anti-osteoporosis, etc. This review will provide useful insight for exploration, further study and precise medication of RS in the future. CONCLUSIONS: According to its traditional uses, phytochemistry, transformation of ingredients and pharmacology, RS is regarded as a promising medical plant with various chemical compounds and numerous pharmacological activities. However, the material bases and mechanisms of traditional effect of RS need further study.

Extraction, structure, pharmacological activities and drug carrier applications of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide.

Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) is one of the main active components of Angelica sinensis (AS) that is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. ASP is water-soluble polysaccharides, and it is mainly composed of glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), arabinose (Ara), rhamnose (Rha), fucose (Fuc), xylose (Xyl) and galacturonic acid (GalUA). The extraction methods of ASP include hot water extraction and ultrasonic wave extraction, and different extraction methods can affect the yield of ASP. ASP has a variety of pharmacological activities, including hematopoietic activity, promoting immunity, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-virus, liver protection, and so on. As a kind of natural polysaccharide, ASP has potential application as drug carriers. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest extraction and purification methods of ASP, the strategies used for monosaccharide compositional analysis plus polysaccharide structural characterization, pharmacological activities and drug carrier applications, and it can provide a basis for further study on ASP.

Electrospun regenerated Antheraea pernyi silk fibroin scaffolds with improved pore size, mechanical properties and cytocompatibility using mesh collectors.

Generally, electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds collected by traditional plates present limited pore size and mechanical properties, which may restrict their biomedical applications. Herein, regenerated Antheraea pernyi silk fibroin (RASF) with excellent inherent cell adhesion property was chosen as a raw material and the conductive metal meshes were used as collectors to prepare modified RASF scaffolds by electrospinning from its aqueous solution. A traditional intact plate was used as a control. The morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained scaffolds were investigated. Schwann cells were further used to assess the cytocompatibility and cell migration ability of the typical scaffolds. Interestingly, compared with the traditional intact plate, the mesh collector with an appropriate gap size (circa 7 mm) could significantly improve the pore size, porosity and mechanical properties of the RASF scaffolds simultaneously. In addition, the scaffold collected under this condition (RASF-7mmG) showed higher cell viability, deeper cell permeation and faster cell migration of Schwann cells. Combined with the excellent inherent properties of ASF and the obviously enhanced scaffold cytocompatibility and mechanical properties, the RASF-7mmG scaffold is expected to be a candidate with great potential for biomedical applications.

Preparation and properties of dual-wavelength excitable fluorescent Lyocell fibers and their applications in papermaking.

Two kinds of dual-wavelength excitable fluorescent Lyocell fibers, which can be excited by short-wavelength UV/IR or long-wavelength UV/IR radiation, were prepared by dry-jet wet spinning. These fluorescent Lyocell fibers can emit two different fluorescence wavelengths at two different excitation wavelengths, exhibiting double anti-counterfeiting functions, thereby providing higher security. SEM-EDX analysis showed the uniform phosphors distribution in Lyocell fibers. The fluorescent Lyocell fibers were mixed into pulp for papermaking. Addition of dual-wavelength excitable fluorescent Lyocell fibers had no influence on brightness and opacity of papers, and the mechanical properties of papers were similar or even higher than paper with addition of pure Lyocell fibers, although the introduction of phosphors decreased the mechanical properties of Lyocell fibers slightly. Our results proved that dual-wavelength excitable fluorescent Lyocell fibers can be used not only in textile fibers, but also in papermaking to develop various security paper products.

Novel Strategies for Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement of Bufadienolides.

Toad venom contains a large number of bufadienolides, which have a variety of pharmacological activities, including antitumor, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and immunomodulatory effects. The strong antitumor effect of bufadienolides has attracted considerable attention in recent years, but the clinical application of bufadienolides is limited due to their low solubility and poor bioavailability. In order to overcome these shortcomings, many strategies have been explored, such as structural modification, solid dispersion, cyclodextrin inclusion, microemulsion and nanodrug delivery systems, etc. In this review, we have tried to summarize the pharmacological activities and structure-activity relationship of bufadienolides. Furthermore, the strategies for solubility and bioavailability enhancement of bufadienolides also are discussed. This review can provide a basis for further study on bufadienolides.

Combined Use of Cu(II)-L-Histidine Complex and ß-Cyclodextrin for the Enantioseparation of Three Amino Acids by CE and a Study of the Synergistic Effect.

A new capillary electrophoresis method was applied to chiral separation of three amino acids, including D,L-tryptophan, D,L-tyrosine and D,L-phenylalanine. The chiral resolution was attained in an untreated fused-sillica capillary using a dual chiral selector, which was made up of Cu(II)-L-histidine complex and ß-cyclodextrin (CD). The cardinal factors influencing its separation efficiency, such as chiral selectors, buffer pH and applied voltage, were optimized. Best results were acquired by using a buffer consisting of 10 mmol/L Cu(II), 13 mmol/L L-histidine, 8 mmol/L ß-CD, 5 mmol/L phosphate adjusted to pH 5.0 and 15 kV applied voltage. All enantiomers were entirely resolved within 20 min with high resolutions of 3.6~6.1. The analysis method was verified through the determination of D,L-tryptophan in terms of linearity, precision and accuracy. And the robustness of this method was proved. The Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification for both enantiomers were 2.5 and 5 µg/mL, respectively. The method was perfectly applied to the determination of the enantiomeric purity of L-tryptophan. Furthermore, the interaction between Cu(II)-L-histidine complex and ß-CD was also studied using Ultraviolet-visible and 1H NMR spectroscopy to explain the synergistic effect involved. The results illustrated that Cu(II)-L-histidine complex and ß-CD played a synergistic role in the enantiomeric separation of chiral drugs, with good prospects for application.

Faraday cage-type aptasensor for dual-mode detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

A Faraday cage-type aptasensor has been developed for dual-mode detection of a common bacterial pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), using a multi-functionalized material Pb2+-Ru-MOF@Apt2 as signal unit. The recognition aptamer Apt2 recognizes VP; specifically, ruthenium-based metal organic framework (Ru-MOF) and lead ions (Pb2+) embedded produce an ECL signal at a working potential from 0 to 1.5 V and DPV signal from - 0.3 to - 0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Since Ru-MOF is a two-dimensional conductive material signal unit overlapped onto the electrode surface to form a Faraday cage-type aptasensor. Thus, electrons could be easily exchanged between electrode and signal tags without being hindered by micron-size VP, resulting in a high detection sensitivity with a detection limit of 1.7 CFU mL-1. In addition, dual-mode detection was achieved, improving the accuracy and reliability of rapid field detection. Stability and selectivity were also satisfactory. The tests of real samples indicate that this Faraday cage-type aptasensor is suited for rapid detection of VP and analog pathogens and shows great potential in food safety. Graphical abstract.

Biomaterial-Based Scaffolds as Antibacterial Suture Materials.

Antibacterial scaffolds are highly desirable for the repair and reconstruction of injured soft tissues. However, the direct fabrication of scaffolds with excellent biocompatibility, flexibility, and antibacterial capacity remains a challenge, especially those based on biomaterials. In this study, we report the biomaterial-based antibacterial scaffolds based on regenerated silk fibroin, 2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan, and bladder acellular matrix graft by blend and coaxial electrospinning. This approach eliminated the use of organic solvents and inorganic nanoparticles, ensuring greater clinical safety, mimicking physiological extracellular matrix structures, and the required softness for a suture material. Thus, the scaffold obtained in this study exhibited excellent biocompatibility, the required mechanical characteristics, and excellent antibacterial capacity. The rate of bacterial elimination of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli reached up to 99.5 and 98.3%, respectively. The scaffold design favored cell growth and proliferation and resulted in the significant promotion of repair and reconstruction of the urethra, indicating that it can be an ideal antibacterial suture material for soft tissue restoration.

A multiple signal amplification sandwich-type SERS biosensor for femtomolar detection of miRNA.

MicroRNAs are widely used as tumor markers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Herein, a multiple signal amplification sandwich-type SERS biosensor for femtomolar detection of miRNA is reported. The signal unit consisted of giant Au vesicles, DNA sequences and deposited silver nanoparticles. The giant Au vesicles provided large-volume hot spots because of sharp tips and abundant hotspot gaps, thus enhancing the electromagnetic intensity for the SERS performance. Further silver stain would easily lead to second-stage amplification of Raman signal. In addition, more SERS signal molecules R6G adsorbed on the signal unit with the aid of HCR and the controlled nanogaps between adjacent AgNPs, brought about the third-stage amplification. The capture unit, prepared by immobilizing the capture probe (CP) on the Fe3O4@AuNPs, could easily capture target miRNA and greatly simplify the separation step to improve reproducibility. The higher concentration of target miRNA definitely formed more sandwich-type structures with combination of capture unit and signal unit, resulting in multiple amplification of SERS signals. The proposed multiple signal amplification sandwich-type SERS biosensor could detect miRNA-141 at the femtomolar level with a low detection limit of 0.03 fM. Meanwhile, it exhibited high selectivity and accuracy, even for practical analysis in human serum. Therefore, the designed multiple signal amplification sandwich-type SERS biosensor would be a very promising alternative tool for the detection of miRNA and analogs in the field of biomedical diagnosis.

Bacterial cellulose nanofibers promote stress and fidelity of 3D-printed silk based hydrogel scaffold with hierarchical pores.

One of the latest trends in the regenerative medicine is the development of 3D-printing hydrogel scaffolds with biomimetic structures for tissue regeneration and organ reconstruction. However, it has been practically difficult to achieve a highly biomimetic hydrogel scaffolds with proper mechanical properties matching the natural tissue. Here, bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCNFs) were applied to improve the structural resolution and enhance mechanical properties of silk fibroin (SF)/gelatin composite hydrogel scaffolds. The SF-based hydrogel scaffolds with hierarchical pores were fabricated via 3D-printing followed by lyophilization. Results showed that the tensile strength of printed sample increased significantly with the addition of BCNFs in the bioink. Large pores and micropores in the scaffolds were achieved by designing printing pattern and lyophilization after extrusion. The pores ranging from 10 to 20 µm inside the printed filaments served as host for cellular infiltration, while the pores with a diameter from 300 to 600 µm circled by printed filaments ensured sufficient nutrient supply. These 3D-printed composite scaffolds with remarkable mechanical properties and hierarchical pore structures are promising for further tissue engineering applications.

Super-strong and Intrinsically Fluorescent Silkworm Silk from Carbon Nanodots Feeding.

Fluorescent silk is fundamentally important for the development of future tissue engineering scaffolds. Despite great progress in the preparation of a variety of colored silks, fluorescent silk with enhanced mechanical properties has yet to be explored. In this study, we report on the fabrication of intrinsically super-strong fluorescent silk by feeding Bombyx mori silkworm carbon nanodots (CNDs). The CNDs were incorporated into silk fibroin, hindering the conformation transformation, confining crystallization, and inducing orientation of mesophase. The resultant silk exhibited super-strong mechanical properties with breaking strength of 521.9 ± 82.7 MPa and breaking elongation of 19.2 ± 4.3%, improvements of 55.1% and 53.6%, respectively, in comparison with regular silk. The CNDs-reinforced silk displayed intrinsic blue fluorescence when exposed to 405 nm laser and exhibited no cytotoxic effect on cells, suggesting that multi-functional silks would be potentially useful in bioimaging and other applications.

Angiogenesis Potential of Bladder Acellular Matrix Hydrogel by Compounding Endothelial Cells.

Rapid vascularization is very important in tissue engineering. Bladder acellular matrix (BAM) with inherent bioactive factors, a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) derived biomaterial, has been widely used as a scaffold to facilitate the repair and reconstruction of urinary tissues. However, the application of the traditional BAM scaffold has been limited due to the dense structure. To investigate the angiogenic potential of BAM, BAM hydrogels with tailored porous structures were prepared in this study by tuning BAM concentrations (4, 6, and 8 mg/mL). The 6 mg/mL BAM hydrogel was loaded with porcine iliac endothelial cells (PIECs), and their angiogenic potential was analyzed in vitro and in vivo. The mechanical strength and gelation speed of the BAM hydrogels increased, while their pore size decreased as concentration increased. Commercially available collagen hydrogel (2.5 mg/mL) showed weaker mechanical properties than BAM hydrogels but similar gelation speed and pore size as 6 mg/mL BAM hydrogel. To ensure a similar three-dimensional microenvironment for the PIECs, 6 mg/mL BAM and collagen hydrogels were selected for the in vitro and in vivo experiments. A significantly higher density of viable, fusiform PIECs of average length ∼50 µm was observed in the BAM hydrogel, while those inside the collagen hydrogel were spherical and ∼30 µm long. In addition, the PIECs/BAM hydrogel resulted in significantly higher revascularization compared with the PIECs/collagen and unloaded BAM hydrogels. The higher angiogenic potential of the PIECs/BAM hydrogel is due to the growth factors that promote PIEC proliferation and therefore vascularization.

Silk scaffolds with gradient pore structure and improved cell infiltration performance.

Electrospun scaffold with three-dimensional (3D) geometry and appropriate pore structure is an important challenge to mimic natural tissues such as skin, cartilage, etc. In this work, 3D silk fibroin (SF) electrospun scaffolds with gradient pore size were prepared by combining multi-step electrospinning with low temperature (LTE) collecting. The LTE electrospun scaffolds achieved 3D macro-structure with large pore size. The effects of relative humidity (RH), collecting temperature on the morphology of the scaffolds were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and computed tomography. The pore size of the scaffolds was tailored by adjusting SF concentration, electric field, flow rate, needle gauge and collector temperature during electrospinning at 50% RH. L929 cell infiltration results of the scaffolds showed that conventional electrospun scaffolds with small pore size (average diameter 5.9 ±â€¯1.4 µm) restrained cell proliferation and infiltration. On the contrary, LTE electrospun scaffolds with medium pore size (average diameter 11.6 ±â€¯1.4 µm) improved cell proliferation obviously. Large pore size scaffolds (average diameter 37.2 ±â€¯12.9 µm) was beneficial to cell infiltration depth in the thickness direction of the scaffolds. The scaffolds, which were integrated with layers of small, medium and large pores, are promising in the repair of tissue with gradient pore structures.

Single Molecular Layer of Silk Nanoribbon as Potential Basic Building Block of Silk Materials.

In this study, nascent silk nanoribbons (SNRs) with an average thickness of 0.4 nm were extracted from natural silkworm silk by partially dissolving degummed silk (DS) in sodium hydroxide (NaOH)/urea solution at -12 °C. In this gentle treatment, the solvent could not destroy the nanofibrillar structure completely, but the chosen conditions would influence the dimensions of resulting SNRs. Molecular dynamics simulations of silk models indicated that the potential of mean force required to break hydrogen bonds between silk fibroin chains was 40% larger than that of van der Waals interactions between ß-sheet layers, allowing the exfoliating treatment. It was found that the resulting SNRs contained a single ß-sheet layer and amorphous silk fibroin molecules, which could be considered as the basic building block of DS consisting of hierarchical structures. The demonstrated technique for extracting ultrathin SNRs having the height of a single ß-sheet layer may provide a useful pathway for creating stronger and tougher silk-based materials and/or adding functionality and durability in materials for various applications. The hierarchical structure model based on SNRs may afford more insight into the structure and property relationship of fabricating silk-based materials.

All-Organic Conductive Biomaterial as an Electroactive Cell Interface.

Various attractive materials are being used in bioelectronics recently. In this paper, hydroxymethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT-OH) has been in situ integrated and polymerized on the surface of the regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) film to construct a biocompatible electrode. In order to improve the efficiency of in situ polymerization, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was adopted as surfactant to construct a well-organized and stable poly(hydroxymethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT-OH) coating, whereas ammonium persulfate was used as oxidant. The effects of dosages of surfactant and oxidant, initial pH value, and monomer concentration on the polymerization were studied. Under the optimal conditions, the RSF/PEDOT-OH film exhibited a square resistance of 3.28 × 105 Ω corresponding to a conductance of 6.1 × 10-3 S/cm. Scanning electron microscope images indicated that PEDOT-OH was deposited uniformly on the surface of the RSF film with SDS. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that interactions existed between the peptide linkages of silk fibroin (SF) macromolecules and PEDOT-OH. The RSF/PEDOT-OH film displayed favorable electrochemical stability, biocompatibility, and fastness. This study provides a feasible method to endow conductivity to RSF materials in various forms. In addition, the conductive layer and biocompatible silk substrate make the RSF/PEDOT-OH biomaterial highly suitable for potential applications in bioelectric devices, sensors, and tissue engineering.

Potential-resolved Faraday cage-type electrochemiluminescence biosensor for simultaneous determination of miRNAs using functionalized g-C3N4 and metal organic framework nanosheets.

Here, a novel Faraday cage-type electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor was presented for simultaneous determination of miRNA-141 and miRNA-21 based on the potential-resolved strategy. In this work, capture units were prepared by immobilizing hairpin DNA1 (HP1) and hairpin DNA2 (HP2) on Fe3O4 @Au nanocomposites, while g-C3N4 @AuNPs nanocomposites labelled by signal DNA1 (sDNA1) and ruthenium-based metal organic framework (Ru-MOF) nanosheets labelled by signal DNA2 (sDNA2) were used as signal units. In this proposed biosensor, signal units g-C3N4 @AuNPs-sDNA1 and Ru-MOF-sDNA2 could exhibit two strong and stable ECL emissions at - 1.4 V and + 1.5 V respectively, which could be used as effective potential-resolved signal tags. Moreover, taking advantage of the proposed Faraday cage-type model, all electrochemiluminophores in the signal units could take part in electrode reactions, the signal units became part of the electrode surface and extended the outer Helmholtz plane (OHP) of the proposed electrode, and then the detection sensitivity was improved greatly. Accordingly, dual targets miRNA-141 and miRNA-21 could be detected within the linear range of 1 fM to 10 pM, with the detection limit of 0.3 fM. Meanwhile, the proposed miRNA assay exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity, even for practical analysis in human serum. So, this potential-resolved ECL biosensor is proved to be a feasible tool for dual targets detection of miRNAs in clinical diagnosis.