Cancer statistics in China, 2016 / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective: Data for 2016 from cancer registries were used to estimate cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2016. Methods: According to the quality control process of the National Central Cancer Registry, the data from 683 cancer registries submitted by each province were evaluated, and the data of 487 cancer registries were qualified and included in the final analysis. Age-specific incidence and mortality rates were calculated by area (urban/rural), sex, age and cancer site, combined with national population data to estimate cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2016. Chinese population census in 2000 and Segi's population were used for age-standardized incidence and mortality rates. Results: Total population covered by 487 cancer registries was 381 565 422 (192 628 370 in urban and 188 937 052 in rural areas). The percentages of morphologically verified (MV%) and death certificate-only cases (DCO%) accounted for 68.31% and 1.40%, respectively, and the mortality to incidence ratio was 0.61. It was estimated about 4 064 000 new cases occurred in China in 2016, with the crude incidence rate being 293.91/100 000 (the rates of males and females were 315.52/100 000 and 271.23/100 000), age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 190.76/100 000 and 186.46/100 000, with the cumulative incidence rate (0-74 years old) being 21.42%. The crude incidence and ASIRC were 314.74/100 000 and 196.38/100 000 in urban areas, whereas in rural areas, they were 265.90/100 000 and 182.21/100 000, respectively. It was estimated about 2 413 500 cancer deaths occurred in China in 2016, the crude mortality rate was 174.55/100 000 (216.16/100 000 in males and 130.88/100 000 in females), the age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world standard population (ASMRW) were 106.00/100 000 and 105.19/100 000, and the cumulative mortality rate (0-74 years old) was 11.85%. The crude mortality and ASMRC were 180.31/100 000 and 104.44/100 000 in urban areas, whereas in rural areas, they were 166.81/100 000 and 108.01/100 000, respectively. The most common cancer cases include lung, colorectal, stomach, liver and female breast cancers. The top five cancers accounted for about 57.27% of all cancer cases. The most common cancer deaths included lung, liver, stomach, colorectal and esophageal cancers. The top five cancers accounted for about 69.25% of all cancer deaths. Conclusions: The burden of cancer shows a continuous increasing trend in China. Regional and gender differences in cancer burden are obvious. The cancer patterns still show the coexistence of cancer patterns in developed countries and developing countries. The situation of cancer prevention and control is still serious in China.

Association between high-risk human papillomavirus DNA load and different histological grades of cervical neoplasia / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the association between viral load of high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cervical exfoliated cells were collected from 18 186 women aged 17 -59 from six urban areas and eight rural areas when they were screened in the cross-sectional population-based studies from 1999 to 2008. HR-HPV was detected by the Hybrid Capture 2 (hc2) system, and viral load was measured by the ratio of relative light units to standard positive control (RLU/PC). RLU/PC was categorized for analysis into four groups: negative [0, 1.00), low viral load [1.0, 10.00), moderate viral load [10.00, 100.00), and high viral load > or = 100.00. Cervical lesions were diagnosed by biopsies as normal, CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3 and squamous cervical cancer (SCC). Association between HR-HPV viral load and CIN was evaluated by unconditional multinomial logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The HR-HPV infection rate of the population was 14.51% (2515/17334). 100.00% (29/29) of SCC, 97.63% (206/211) of CIN 3, 93.43% (199/213) of CIN 2, 75.04% (421/561) of CIN 1 and 10.17% (1660/16320) of normal women were positive for HR-HPV DNA. The median RLUs for the HR-HPV positive women with SCC, CIN 3, CIN 2, CIN 1 and normal were 320.85, 158.05, 143.70, 125.34 and 9.64, respectively. There were significant differences among the distributions of viral loads in each lesion (chi2 = 6190.40, P < 0.01). The severity of CIN increased with the viral load (chi2 = 5493.35, P <0.01). Compared with the risks of CINs in HR-HPV negative population, the risks of CINs in low, moderate and high viral loads were increased gradually [OR(95% CI) : CIN 1 : 9.01(6.31 - 12.87), 24.96(18.23 - 34.17) and 68.42(51.40 - 91.08); CIN 2 : 26.44(12.07 - 57.95), 98.53(49.54 - 195.98) and 322.88(168.62 - 618.27); CIN 3+ : 72.89(24.02-221.18); 343.58(121.81-969.09) and >999.99(473.38 - >999.99)], and there were obvious dose-response relationships (chi2trend was 3115.05, 2413.95 and 3098.57, respectively. P< 0.01). In each age group of the HR-HPV positive population,the risks of CIN 2 + in the women with moderate or high viral load were higher than the one with low viral load [OR(95% CI): <35 : 4.71(1.23 - 18.09) and 15.06(4.40 - 51.49); 35 -: 4.01 (1.62 -9.90) and 14.09(6.15 -32.28); 40 - : 3.06(1.52 -6.16) and 7.78(4.05 -14.95); > or =45: 3.50(1.36 -9. 01) and 7.57(3.13 - 18. 30)], and there was a positive correlation between the risk of CIN 2+ and the viral load (chi2trend was 51.33, 66.28, 53.64 and 51.00, respectively. P <0.01). The risk of CIN 2 + was highest among the women aged 40 - with high viral load [OR (95% CI) : 2.02 (1.15 - 3.52)].</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There is strong correlation between the HR-HPV viral load and the severity of CIN, and so is the correlation between the HR-HPV viral load and the risk of CIN 2 +. A moderate to high viral load of HR-HPV should be the major risk factor for the cervical cancer and CIN 2 and CIN 3, and there is a higher risk in the women aged 35 or older than the younger ones. Considering both the age and viral load could help the doctors to manage the screening women more effectively.</p>

An ultrasensitive method: surface-enhanced Raman scattering of Ag nanoparticles from beta-silver vanadate and copper.

Ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering signals of four typical analytes were observed on Ag nanoparticles from beta-silver vanadate and copper, even though the concentrations of these analytes were as low as 1 x 10(-16) M (Rhodamine 6G or crystal violet) and 1 x 10(-15) M (trinitrotoluene or bovine serum albumin).

[The study on energy band structure of silicon nanowires with XPS].

Silicon nanowires were obtained via oxide-assisted method, which was operated in a high temperature furnace at 1250 degrees C under 1000 Pa for 5 h using Ar as carrier gas. The silicon nanowires were etched with 5% HF aqueous solution for 5 min, and reacted with 1 X 10(-3) mol X L(-1) AuCL3 solution, and Au-modified silicon nanowires were obtained. The crystal structure of the products was characterized with XRD, and both of the patterns of Si and Au were observed. The morphology checked with SEM and TEM indicated large scale uniform silicon nanowires and Au particles on the surface of silicon nanowires. The average diameter of Au nanoparticls was 8 nm. The energy band structures obtained with XPS showed that gold nanoparticles are in negative charge and exist both at donor and acceptor levels. The Fermi level moved towards the top of valence band due to oxygen.

Single mullite nanoribbon as a glucose sensor.

Mullite (2SiO(2).3Al(2)O(3)) nanoribbons, millimetres in length and with a high width-to-thickness ratio, were synthesized at temperatures as low as 1150 degrees C. This high ratio made it easy to fabricate a single nanoribbon sensor. The I-V relation of the sensor versus concentration of glucose was recorded with a pico-ammeter. The sensor shows good reproducibility and long-term stability. This single nanoribbon sensor may be used as an in situ monitor. The nanoribbons were also characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy.

[Microwave-assisted route to fibre-like ternary NaFeS2 nanoparticles and its XPS].

Ternary NaFeS2 nanoparticles were obtained in aqueous solution at room temperature via microwave-assisted route. The products were fibre-like with the diameter less than 10 nm, which were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, transmission electron microscope (TEM) image, selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) pattern. The results indicated that the composition of fibre-like ternary nanoparticles are with atomic ratio of Na:Fe:S=1:1.1:1.9. The mechanism for the formation of fibre-like NaFeS2 nanoparticles is discussed.

[Synthesis of Ag2S nanoparticles at room temperature and their characterization with XPS].

Nanocrystalline silver sulfide was successfully synthesized at room temperature and ambient pressure via a novel, safe, convenient and inexpensive redox reaction, using silver oxide, sulfur and polyformaldehyde as reactants and ethylenediamine as solvent. The products were characterized with XPS, XRD and TEM. XRD spectrum demonstrates a monoclinic Ag2S; TEM shows the products are rod-like nanoparticles with average diameter of 100 nm, its corresponding SAED reveals clear diffraction spots indexed as (120) and (303); XPS confirms the formation of Ag2S and indicates the sample's surface stoichiometry of Ag:S=1:0.453. The control experiments show polyformaldehyde and ethylenediamine are both important in the formation of products. Ethylenediamine accelerates the reactions via dissolving silver oxide and sulfur and neutralizing the by-product formic acid.