Tobacco smoking and blood pressure: How are they related among the Indians? - A secondary analysis of National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 data.

Background: India, the second leading producer of tobacco, puts the population at a higher chance of tobacco consumption contributing to a significant disease burden. Though tobacco smoking is a modifiable risk factor for hypertension and has been on the rise among the population, studies on the relationship of tobacco with hypertension are limited in India. Aim: This study aimed to assess the population-level risk of tobacco (smoke) use and elevated blood pressure (BP) among Indians and also assess the association of risk of tobacco smoking with hypertension based on the place of residence. Materials and Methods: Data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 conducted between January 2015 and December 2016 was utilized. The prevalence of hypertension and its magnitude of association with smoking factors was found using univariable logistic regression. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to predict the association of smoking products with elevated BP by adjusting the model for sociodemographic factors, illness, physical characteristics, and state-wise data. Results: The weighted prevalence of hypertension was 16.56% (confidence interval [CI]: 16.34-16.78) in males and 11.20% (CI: 11.12-11.27) in females. Among those who smoked tobacco, 15.3% women and 22.4% men were hypertensive. This study highlights the significant association of smoking of various tobacco products with hypertension in both men and women on univariate analysis. But the adjusted mean elevated BP among the tobacco-using males and females was not significantly associated with smoking cigarettes, pipe, cigars, and hookah. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking is a modifiable factor for the development and progression of hypertension. Adequate preventive and promotive health measures targeting the young, rural inhabitants and the poorer sections of society may help in reducing tobacco consumption.

Risk factors for non-adherence among people with HIV-associated TB in Karnataka, India: A case-control study.

SETTING: Five select districts of Karnataka, India, providing anti-tubercular and antiretroviral therapy (ATT and ART) to people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - associated Tuberculosis (TB) through a single window care approach at the ART centres (seven ART centres and 16 link ART centres). OBJECTIVES: To determine the factors associated with non-adherence to concurrent therapy. DESIGN: We conducted a case-control study involving primary and secondary data collection. Starting January 2019, we consecutively enrolled people on at least three months of ATT until we enrolled 125 cases (non-adherent to concurrent therapy) and 375 controls (adherent to concurrent therapy). Adherence was defined as taking >95% ART doses and >90% ATT doses, every month over the last three months. We performed multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with non-adherence. RESULTS: The mean age of the cases and control was similar: 39.8 (standard deviation: 8.8) years. The risk factors for non-adherence were status non-disclosure (aOR = 2.06), zidovudine-based ART (aOR = 4.87), >3 side effects (aOR = 6.45), not receiving counselling before ATT initiation (aOR = 5.25) and non-receipt of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis (aOR = 9.90). CONCLUSION: Major determinants for non-adherence were clinical and treatment related factors.

Nutritional assessment and counselling of tuberculosis patients at primary care in India: do we measure up?

SETTING: Dakshina Kannada District, coastal South India, under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). OBJECTIVE: To identify the potential and practices at primary health centres (PHCs) for the assessment of nutritional status of patients with tuberculosis (TB), the basic tools used to measure height and weight and the type of nutritional counselling provided. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted with physical verification of availability of height and weight measuring equipment. Information was collected on the method used by medical officers for assessing nutritional status in PHCs, action taken in case the patient is undernourished and any formal training in nutritional assessment and counselling. RESULTS: Of 37 PHCs assessed, weighing machines were available in all and stadiometers in 38%. Medical officers were not calculating body mass index for nutritional assessment even when height and weight were being uniformly measured. Nutritional classification was mostly based on the appearance and physique of the patient. Counselling included advice to take milk, eggs and protein powders with efforts to arrange funds from village health, sanitation and nutrition committees. CONCLUSION: There is a need to equip the PHCs and their medical officers with necessary tools and training for nutritional assessment and counselling of patients with tuberculosis.

Non-response to first-line anti-tuberculosis treatment in Sikkim, India: a risk-factor analysis study.

Setting: Sikkim, India, has the highest proportion of tuberculosis (TB) patients on first-line anti-tuberculosis regimens with the outcome 'failure' or 'shifted to regimen for multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)'. Objective: To assess the factors associated with non-response to treatment, i.e., 'failure' or 'shifted to MDR-TB regimen'. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme data of all TB patients registered in 2015 for first-line TB treatment. In addition, we interviewed 42 patients who had not responded to treatment to ascertain their current status. Results: Of 1508 patients enrolled for treatment, about 9% were classified as non-response to treatment. Patient factors associated with non-response were urban setting (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.39, 95%CI 1.22-4.67), ethnicity (being an Indian tribal, aOR 1.73, 95%CI 1.17-2.57, Indian [other] aOR 1.83, 95%CI 1.29-2.60 compared to patients of Nepali origin) and those on retreatment (aOR 2.40, 95%CI 1.99-2.91). Of the patients interviewed, 28 (67%) had received treatment for drug-resistant TB. Conclusion: In Sikkim, one in 11 patients had not responded to first-line anti-tuberculosis treatment. Host-pathogen genetics and socio-behavioural studies may be required to understand the reasons for the differences in non-response, particularly among ethnic groups.

Contexte : L'état de Sikkim, en Inde, a la proportion la plus élevée du pays de patients atteints de tuberculose (TB) sous protocole antituberculeux de première ligne avec pour résultats « échec ¼ ou « passé à un protocole de TB multirésistante (TB-MDR) ¼.Objectif : Evaluer les facteurs associés à une non réponse au traitement (« échec ¼ ou « passé à un protocole de TB-MDR¼).Méthode : Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective de cohorte grâce aux données du programme national révisé pour la lutte contre la tuberculose de tous les patients TB enregistrés en 2015 pour un traitement de TB de première ligne. Nous avons également interviewé 42 patients ayant une non réponse au traitement pour vérifier leur statut actuel.Résultats : Sur les 1508 patients enrôlés en traitement, environ 9% ont été classés comme non réponse au traitement. Les facteurs liés au patient associés à l'absence de réponse ont été un contexte urbain (odds ratio ajusté [ORa] 2,39 ; IC95% 1,22­4,67), l'ethnicité (appartenance à une tribu Indienne, ORa 1,73 ; IC95% 1,17­2,57, autres populations Indiennes, ORa 1,83 ; IC95% 1,29­2,60, par comparaison aux patients d'origine Népalaise) et aux patients en retraitement de TB (ORa 2,40 ; IC95% 1,99­2,91). Parmi les patients interrogés, 28 (67%) ont reçu un traitement pour TB pharmacorésistante.Conclusion : Au Sikkim, un patient sur 11 avait une non réponse au traitement antituberculeux de première ligne. Des études de génétique hôte-pathogène et des études sociocomportementales pourraient être requises afin de comprendre les raisons des différences dans la non réponse, surtout entre les groupes ethniques.

Marco de Referencia: El estado de Sikkim en la India presenta la proporción más alta de pacientes cuyo desenlace del tratamiento antituberculoso de primera línea se clasifica como 'fracaso' o 'cambiado a un esquema contra la tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR)'.Objetivo: Evaluar los factores que se asocian con la falta de respuesta al tratamiento ('fracaso' o 'cambiado a un esquema contra la TB-MDR').Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohortes, a partir de los datos del Programa Revisado Nacional contra la Tuberculosis, de todos los pacientes registrados en el 2015 en tratamiento antituberculoso de primera línea. Además, se entrevistaron 42 pacientes (que no respondieron al tratamiento), con el fin de verificar su situación actual.Resultados: De los 1508 pacientes inscritos para tratamiento, cerca del 9% se clasificaron sin respuesta al tratamiento. Los factores del paciente que se asociaron con la falta de respuesta fueron los siguientes: un entorno urbano (OR ajustado [ORa] 2,39; IC95% 1,22­4,67), la etnia (pertenencia a grupos tribales, ORa 1,73; IC95% 1,17­2,57 u otras poblaciones indias ORa 1,83; IC95% 1,29­2,60 cuando se compararon con los pacientes de origen nepalés) y el retratamiento antituberculoso (ORa 2,40; IC95% 1,99­2,91). De los pacientes entrevistados, 28 habían recibido tratamiento por TB farmacorresistente (67%).Conclusión: En Sikkim, uno de cada 11 pacientes no respondió al tratamiento de primera línea contra la TB. Se precisarían estudios genéticos de la interacción entre el hospedero y el patógeno y estudios sociales conductuales que permitan comprender las razones de las diferencias en la falta de respuesta, sobre todo entre los diferentes grupos étnicos.

MDR-TB in Puducherry, India: reduction in attrition and turnaround time in the diagnosis and treatment pathway.

Setting: A mixed-methods operational research (OR) study was conducted to examine the diagnosis and treatment pathway of patients with presumptive multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) during 2012-2013 under the national TB programme in Puducherry, India. High pre-diagnosis and pre-treatment attrition and the reasons for these were identified. The recommendations from this OR were implemented and we planned to assess systematically whether there were any improvements. Objectives: Among patients with presumptive MDR-TB (July-December 2014), 1) to determine pre-diagnosis and pre-treatment attrition, 2) to determine factors associated with pre-diagnosis attrition, 3) to determine the turnaround time (TAT) from eligibility to testing and from diagnosis to treatment initiation, and 4) to compare these findings with those of the previous study (2012-2013). Design: This was a retrospective cohort study based on record review. Results: Compared to the previous study, there was a decrease in pre-diagnosis attrition from 45% to 24% (P < 0.001), in pre-treatment attrition from 29% to 0% (P = 0.18), in the TAT from eligibility to testing from a median of 11 days to 10 days (P = 0.89) and in the TAT from diagnosis to treatment initiation from a median of 38 days to 19 days (P = 0.04). There is further scope for reducing pre-diagnosis attrition by addressing the high risk of patients with human immunodeficiency virus and TB co-infection or those with extra-pulmonary TB not undergoing drug susceptibility testing. Conclusion: The implementation of findings from OR resulted in improved programme outcomes.

Contexte : Une recherche opérationnelle basée sur un mélange de méthodes a été réalisée afin d'étudier le parcours de diagnostic et de traitement des patients atteints d'une tuberculose multirésistante (TB-MDR) présumée (2012­2013) dans le cadre du programme national TB, à Pondichéry, Inde. Nous avons identifié une attrition avant le diagnostic et avant le traitement, ainsi que les raisons de ce problème. Les recommandations de cette recherche opérationnelle ont été mises en œuvre et nous avons prévu d'évaluer systématiquement s'il y avait une amélioration.Objectifs : Parmi les patients présumés atteints de TB-MDR (juillet­décembre 2014), 1) déterminer l'attrition pré-diagnostic et pré-traitement ; 2) déterminer les facteurs associés à l'attrition pré diagnostic ; 3) déterminer le délai depuis l'éligibilité jusqu'au test et du diagnostic à la mise en route du traitement ; et 4) comparer ces résultats à l'étude précédente.Schéma : Etude de cohorte rétrospective impliquant une revue des dossiers.Résultats : Par comparaison aux études précédentes, il y a eu une réduction de l'attrition pré-diagnostique de 45% à 24% (P < 0,001), une attrition pré-traitement de 29% à 0% (P = 0,18), un délai entre l'éligibilité au test d'une médiane de 11 jours contre 10 jours (P = 0,89) et un délai entre le diagnostic et la mise en route du traitement d'une médiane de 38 jours contre 19 jours (P = 0,04). Il y a des perspectives supplémentaires de réduction de l'attrition avant le diagnostic en ciblant les patients à risque de ne pas être testés parmi ceux atteints de TB et le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine et de TB extra-pulmonaire.Conclusion : La mise en œuvre des résultats de la recherche opérationnelle a eu pour résultat une amélioration des résultats du programme.

Marco de referencia: Se llevó a cabo una intervención de investigación operativa con métodos mixtos, con el fin de estudiar la trayectoria del diagnóstico y el tratamiento de los pacientes con presunción clínica de tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR) en el 2012 y 2013 en el contexto del Programa Nacional contra la Tuberculosis de Puducherry, en la India. Se detectaron altas proporciones de abandono antes del diagnóstico y antes de comenzar el tratamiento y se analizaron sus causas. Las recomendaciones de esta investigación operativa se pusieron en práctica y en el presente estudio se prevé una evaluación sistemática que permita valorar si se logró algún progreso.Objetivos: Analizar los siguientes resultados en los pacientes con presunción clínica de TB-MDR (de julio a diciembre del 2014): 1) si ocurrió abandono antes del diagnóstico o del tratamiento; 2) si existieron factores asociados con el abandono antes de definir el diagnóstico; 3) el lapso necesario entre el momento de la presunción clínica hasta la realización de las pruebas diagnósticas y desde la definición del diagnóstico hasta el comienzo del tratamiento; y 4) comparar estos resultados con los datos del estudio anterior.Método: Fue este un estudio retrospectivo de cohortes, con análisis de las historias clínicas.Resultados: En comparación con el estudio anterior, se observó una disminución del abandono antes del diagnóstico de 45% a 24% (P < 0,001) y antes del comienzo del tratamiento de 29% a 0% (P = 0,18); se redujo el lapso entre la presunción clínica y la práctica de las pruebas diagnósticas una mediana de 11 días a 10 días (P = 0,89) y también el lapso entre el diagnóstico y el inicio del tratamiento una mediana de 38 días a 19 días (P = 0,04). Existe aun margen para una mayor disminución de los abandonos anteriores al diagnóstico, si se aborda el alto riesgo de no practicar las pruebas diagnósticas a los pacientes coinfectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y la TB y a los pacientes con TB extrapulmonar.Conclusion: La aplicación de los resultados de la investigación operativa tuvo como consecuencia un progreso en los resultados del programa.

How better is random blinded re-checking results in revised national TB Control Programme, India?

BACKGROUND: The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) is implementing the External Quality assurance (EQA) and Random blinded re-checking (RBRC) as one of its important component. This nationwide study was conducted to determine (1) the number and types of RBRC errors and (2) the sensitivity and specificity among rechecked slides. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was based on the monthly RBRC reports submitted by ~13,000 designated microscopy centres (DMCs) across the country under routine programmatic settings in 2010. The DMCs reports were compiled at district, state and national level. RESULTS: A total of 11, 89,564 slides were rechecked from 11,039 DMCs. Of which 99.5% of rechecked slides did not have any errors. The sensitivity and specificity of the rechecked slides had 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSION: RBRC is the crucial component of EQA and the results from the programme are found to be satisfactory. Based on the study findings, the earlier value of 80% sensitivity used for calculation of annual sample size for RBRC has been increased to 90% sensitivity. The annual RBRC sample size for DMCs has been increased by 1.5-2 folds.

MDR-TB screening in a setting with molecular diagnostic techniques: who got tested, who didn't and why?

SETTING: The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Puducherry, India, which has facilities for molecular diagnostic technique. OBJECTIVE: To determine pre-diagnostic and pre-treatment attrition among presumptive multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients and reasons for attrition. METHODS: In this mixed-methods study, the quantitative component consisted of retrospective cohort analysis through record review of all presumptive MDR-TB patients recorded between October 2012 and September 2013. The qualitative component included in-depth interviews with key informants involved in programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis services. RESULTS: Of 341 eligible presumptive MDR-TB patients, pre-diagnostic and pre-treatment attrition was respectively 45.5% (155/341) and 29% (2/7). Patients with extra-pulmonary TB (RR = 2.3), those with human immuno-deficiency and TB co-infection (RR = 1.7), those registered during October-December 2012 (RR = 1.3) and those identified from primary/secondary health centres (RR = 1.8) were less likely to be tested. Themes that emerged during the analysis of the qualitative data were 'lack of a systematic mechanism to track referrals for culture and drug susceptibility testing', 'absence of courier service to transport sputum', 'lack of knowledge and ownership among staff of general health system', 'shortage of diagnostic kits' and 'patient non-adherence'. CONCLUSION: Despite the introduction of molecular diagnostic techniques, operational issues in MDR-TB screening remain a concern and require urgent attention.

Contexte : Programme national révisé de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Pondichéry, Inde, avec une structure de techniques de diagnostic moléculaire.Objectif : Déterminer l'abandon préalable au diagnostic et préalable au traitement et leurs raisons parmi des patients présumés atteints de tuberculose multirésistante (TB-MDR).Méthodes : Dans cette étude utilisant plusieurs méthodes, l'élément quantitatif consistait en une analyse de cohorte rétrospective, grâce à une revue de dossiers, de tous les patients présumés atteints de TB-MDR entre octobre 2012 et septembre 2013. L'élément qualitatif incluait des entretiens approfondis avec des informateurs clés impliqués dans la gestion programmatique des services de TB pharmacorésistante.Résultats : Sur 341 patients présumés TB-MDR éligibles, le taux d'abandon avant le diagnostic et avant le traitement a été de 45,5% (155/341) et 29% (2/7), respectivement. Les patients atteints de TB extra-pulmonaire (RR = 2,3), de coïnfection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine et TB (RR = 1,7), inscrits entre octobre et décembre 2012 (RR = 1,3) et identifiés à partir de centres de santé primaires/secondaires (RR = 1,8) avaient moins de chances d'être testés. Les thèmes qui ont émergé lors de l'analyse des données qualitatives ont été « l'absence d'un mécanisme systématique de suivi des patients référés pour culture et test de pharmaco sensibilité ¼, « l'absence de services de coursier pour transporter les crachats ¼, « le manque de connaissances et d'appropriation du personnel de santé en général ¼, « les ruptures de stock de kits de diagnostic ¼ et « la non-adhérence du patient ¼.Conclusion : En dépit de l'introduction de techniques de diagnostic moléculaire, les problèmes opérationnels de dépistage de la TB-MDR restent préoccupants et requièrent une attention urgente.

Marco de referencia: El Programa Nacional Revisado contra la Tuberculosis en Pondicherry, en la India, cuenta con capacidad técnica para realizar pruebas diagnósticas moleculares.Objetivo: Determinar las tasas de abandono anterior al diagnóstico y antes de comenzar el tratamiento y analizar sus causas, en pacientes con presunción clínica de tuberculosis multidrogorresistente (TB-MDR).Método: En el presente estudio se utilizaron métodos mixtos; el componente cuantitativo consistió en un análisis retrospectivo de cohortes, a partir de los expedientes de todos los pacientes atendidos con presunción diagnóstica de TB-MDR entre octubre del 2012 y septiembre del 2013. El componente cualitativo incluyó entrevistas exhaustivas a informantes clave que participaban en la gestión programática de los servicios de tuberculosis farmacorresistente.Resultados: En los 341 pacientes con presunción diagnóstica de TB-MDR, que cumplían las condiciones del estudio, se observó una tasa de abandono anterior al diagnóstico del 45,5% (155/341) y un abandono anterior al comienzo del tratamiento del 29% (2/7). Fue menos probable que se practicaran las pruebas diagnósticas en los pacientes con TB extrapulmonar (RR = 2,3), coinfección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y TB (RR = 1,7), en los pacientes registrados de octubre a diciembre del 2012 (RR = 1,3) y los pacientes detectados en un centro de atención primaria o secundaria (RR = 1,8). Los aspectos que surgieron durante el análisis cualitativo fueron 'la falta de un mecanismo sistemático de seguimiento de los pacientes remitidos para cultivo y pruebas de sensibilidad a los medicamentos', 'la ausencia de un servicio de mensajería que transporte las muestras de esputo', 'la falta de conocimientos y de apropiación del trabajo en los miembros del personal del sistema de salud general', 'el desabastecimiento de los estuches diagnósticos' y 'el incumplimiento por parte de los pacientes'.Conclusión: Pese a la introducción de las técnicas de diagnóstico molecular, persisten dificultades operativas en la detección de la TB-MDR que precisan atención urgente.

Management of previously treated tuberculosis patients in Kalutara district, Sri Lanka: how are we faring?

SETTING: District Chest Clinic, Kalutara, Sri Lanka. OBJECTIVES: To determine the coverage of culture and drug susceptibility testing (CDST), delays in CDST, treatment initiation, obtaining CDST results and treatment outcomes of previously treated tuberculosis (TB) patients. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study involving review of records and reports. All previously treated TB patients from January 2008 to June 2013 were included in the study. RESULTS: Of 160 patients, 126 (79%) samples were sent for CDST; 79 (63%) were culture-positive and no multi-drug-resistant (MDR) TB cases were reported. Respectively 9% and 15% of patients experienced a delay in sending samples (median delay 21 days) and receiving CDST reports (median delay 71 days), while 20% experienced delays in initiating the retreatment regimen (median delay 11.5 days). The cohort recorded an 82% treatment success rate. CONCLUSION: Of all retreatment patients, only 79% were tested for CDST and there were sizeable delays in sample transportation and treatment initiation. Possible ways forward to strengthen the programme are discussed.

Contexte : Dispensaire de pneumologie du district de Kalutara, Sri Lanka.Objectif : Déterminer la couverture du test de culture et de sensibilité aux médicaments (CDST), les délais des tests de résistance aux médicaments, de mise en œuvre du traitement et d'obtention des résultats du CDST ainsi que les résultats du traitement chez des patients tuberculeux déjà traités auparavant.Schéma : Etude rétrospective de cohorte par revue de dossiers et de rapports. Tous les patients tuberculeux de janvier 2008 à juin 2013 déjà traités ont été inclus dans l'étude.Résultats : Sur 160 patients, 126 (79%) ont été référés pour un CDST ; 79 (63%) avaient une culture positive et il n'y a eu aucun cas de TB-MDR. Environ 9% et 15% des patients, respectivement, ont eu un retard d'expédition des échantillons (retard médian 21 jours) et de réception du rapport du CDST (retard médian 71 jours), tandis que 20% ont subi un retard de mise en œuvre de la reprise du traitement (retard médian 11,5 jours). Le taux de succès thérapeutique de la cohorte atteignait 82%.Conclusion : Parmi tous les patients en retraitement, seulement 79% ont bénéficié d'un CDST et il y a eu des retards considérables dans le transport des échantillons et la mise en œuvre du traitement. Des discussions sont en cours afin de renforcer le programme.

Marco de referencia: El consultorio distrital de neumología de Kalutara, en Sri Lanka.Objetivos: Determinar la cobertura con la culture y las pruebas de sensibilidad a los medicamentos antituberculosos (CDST), el retraso en el análisis de la farmacorresistencia, el comienzo del tratamiento y la obtención del resultado del CDST y los desenlaces terapéuticos de los pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis (TB) y antecedente de tratamiento previo.Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de cohortes con análisis de las historias clínicas y los informes de laboratorio. Se incluyeron en el estudio todos los pacientes tuberculosos atendidos entre enero del 2008 y junio del 2013 que habían recibido tratamiento antituberculoso.Resultados: De los 160 pacientes incluidos en el estudio se enviaron 126 muestras para CDST (79%); en 79 muestras se obtuvo un cultivo positivo para TB (63%) y no se notificaron casos de multidrogorresistencia. Se observó retraso en el envío de las muestras en el 9% de los casos (mediana del retraso 21 días) y en el 15% de los pacientes hubo retraso en la obtención de los resultados del CDST (mediana del retraso 71 días); en 20% de los pacientes se retrasó el comienzo del régimen de retratamiento (mediana del retraso 11,5 días). La tasa de éxito terapéutico en la cohorte estudiada fue 82%.Conclusión: De todos los pacientes en retratamiento, se practicaron CDST solo en 79% de los casos y se observaron retrasos considerables en el transporte de las muestras y el comienzo del tratamiento. En el artículo se proponen métodos encaminados a fortalecer el programa.

Characteristics of patients with diabetes screened for tuberculosis in a tertiary care hospital in South India.

SETTING: Tertiary care hospital for diabetes mellitus (DM) in Tamil Nadu, South India. OBJECTIVE: To compare the socio-demographic, clinical and biochemical characteristics in DM patients with and without tuberculosis (TB). DESIGN: A descriptive study involving a review of routinely maintained records to capture the results of screening of DM patients for TB between March and December 2012. DM patients were first asked whether they already had TB, and if not they were screened for TB symptoms, followed by investigations for and possible diagnosis of TB. RESULTS: Of 7083 DM patients, 38 already had TB. Of the remainder, 125 (1.8%) had TB symptoms; 71 were investigated and 12 were newly diagnosed with TB. Of the 50 TB patients, 64% had smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB). DM-TB patients were older, and had lower education level and economic status, a higher frequency of alcohol use, lower body mass index, a longer duration of DM, a greater likelihood of receiving insulin and poorer glycaemic control. CONCLUSION: Screening of DM patients for TB was feasible in a tertiary care hospital. The yield of new TB cases was low and merits further investigation. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were different in patients with DM and TB compared to those with DM only.

Screening patients with tuberculosis for diabetes mellitus in Gujarat, India.

SETTING: Anklav Tuberculosis Unit, Anand, Gujarat, India. OBJECTIVE: To determine in a cohort of TB patients 1) the prevalence of diabetes (DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), 2) the time taken for diagnosis, 3) demographic and clinical factors associated with DM and IFG, and 4) the number needed to screen (NNS) for diagnosing new cases of DM and IFG. DESIGN: Descriptive study. TB patients registered between January and September 2012 were asked whether they had a history of DM. Those with unknown DM were tested for random and fasting blood glucose (FBG). FBG of ≥126 mg/dl and 110-125 mg/dl were considered indicative of DM and IFG, respectively. RESULTS: Of 556 TB patients, 553 (99%) were assessed: 36 (6.5%) had diabetes (14 had been previously diagnosed DM and 22 were newly diagnosed), and 39 (7%) had IFG. The median (interquartile range) time to DM diagnosis was 5 (1-17) days. Age ≥35 years was associated with DM. The NNS was 25 and 14 for one new case of DM and IFG, respectively, with a lower NNS in males, those aged ≥35 years, those with smear-positive pulmonary TB, retreatment patients and smokers. CONCLUSION: This pilot project shows that it is feasible and valuable to screen patients with TB for DM in a routine setting, resulting in earlier identification of DM and opportunities for better management of comorbidity.

Characteristics and treatment response in patients with tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus in New Delhi, India.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known to increase the risk of tuberculosis (TB) and adversely affect TB treatment outcomes. A descriptive study was carried out in registered TB patients screened for DM at Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India. Of 458 TB patients, 66 (14%) had DM. In those with dual disease, age ≥40 years, smear-positive pulmonary TB and recurrent TB were significantly more common. There was no effect of DM on TB treatment outcomes, although there was a trend towards smear non-conversion at 2 months. Screening for DM works well, and certain patient characteristics are more common in those with dual disease.

On sait que le diabète sucré (DM) augmente le risque de tuberculose (TB) et influe de façon défavorable les résultats du traitement de la TB. On a mené une étude descriptive chez les patients TB enregistrés et dépistés pour DM à l'Hôpital Lok Nayak de New Delhi, Inde. Sur 458 patients TB, 66 (14%) souffraient de DM. Chez ceux atteints des deux maladies, un âge ≥40 ans, une TB pulmonaire à frottis positif et une rechute de TB sont significativement plus courants. Il n'y a pas d'effet du DM sur les résultats du traitement de la TB, quoiqu'il y ait une tendance vers la non-négativation du frottis à 2 mois. Le dépistage du DM fonctionne correctement et certaines caractéristiques du patient sont plus courantes chez ceux atteints des deux maladies.

Se conoce que la presencia de diabetes sacarina (DM) aumenta el riesgo de contraer la tuberculosis (TB) y ejerce un efecto desfavorable sobre el desenlace del tratamiento antituberculoso. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de los pacientes tuberculosos registrados, en quienes se investigó el diagnóstico de DM en el Hospital Lok Nayak de Nueva Delhi en la India. De los 458 pacientes registrados con TB, 66 presentaban DM (14%). En los pacientes con ambas enfermedades fue significativamente más frecuente que tuvieran una edad de ≥40 años, que padecieran TB pulmonar con baciloscopia positiva y recaídas de la TB. No se presentó ningún efecto de la DM sobre el desenlace terapéutico, aunque se observó una tendencia a la falta de conversión de la baciloscopia a los 2 meses de tratamiento. El cribado de la DM es eficaz y algunas características son más frecuentes en los pacientes que padecen ambas enfermedades.

Language in tuberculosis services: can we change to patient-centred terminology and stop the paradigm of blaming the patients?

The words 'defaulter', 'suspect' and 'control' have been part of the language of tuberculosis (TB) services for many decades, and they continue to be used in international guidelines and in published literature. From a patient perspective, it is our opinion that these terms are at best inappropriate, coercive and disempowering, and at worst they could be perceived as judgmental and criminalising, tending to place the blame of the disease or responsibility for adverse treatment outcomes on one side-that of the patients. In this article, which brings together a wide range of authors and institutions from Africa, Asia, Latin America, Europe and the Pacific, we discuss the use of the words 'defaulter', 'suspect' and 'control' and argue why it is detrimental to continue using them in the context of TB. We propose that 'defaulter' be replaced with 'person lost to follow-up'; that 'TB suspect' be replaced by 'person with presumptive TB' or 'person to be evaluated for TB'; and that the term 'control' be replaced with 'prevention and care' or simply deleted. These terms are non-judgmental and patient-centred. We appeal to the global Stop TB Partnership to lead discussions on this issue and to make concrete steps towards changing the current paradigm.

Fast-track writing of a scientific paper with 30 authors: how to do it.

This paper describes the process of writing a scientific paper for a multi-centric study on 'screening tuberculosis patients for diabetes mellitus in India', with four facilitators and 25 class participants, who were all co-authors of the paper. By Day 3, a complete paper was sent to international authors for review and comment. Key factors in the success of this venture were: standardised facility-level data collection, a 'zero' draft prepared before the module, a first draft ready at the end of Day 1 and a plenary session on Day 2, with participants providing critical input for the second draft.

Cet article décrit le processus d'élaboration d'un article scientifique concernant une étude multicentrique sur le dépistage du diabète sucré chez les patients atteints de tuberculose en Inde, grâce à quatre facilitateurs et 25 participants à une classe dont tous étaient co-auteurs de l'article. Au jour 3, un article complet a été envoyé à des auteurs internationaux pour révision et commentaires. Les facteurs clé du succès de ce projet ont été une collecte standardisée des données au niveau des services, une ébauche « zéro ¼ préparée avant le module, une première ébauche terminée à la fin du jour 1 et une réunion plénière au jour 2 pour les participants qui permettait de fournir un apport critique à l'élaboration de la deuxième ébauche.

En el presente artículo se describe el proceso de redacción de un artículo científico sobre un estudio multicéntrico de detección sistemática de la diabetes en los pacientes con tuberculosis en la India, en el cual participaron cuatro facilitadores y 25 colaboradores que fueron todos coautores de la publicación. La redacción se completó en un lapso de tres días y se envió a varios coautores internacionales a fin de que la evaluaran y aportaran comentarios. Los factores esenciales en el éxito del proyecto fueron la recogida normalizada de los datos en cada centro, la preparación de una versión 'cero' antes de llevar a cabo el módulo de redacción, la terminación de una primera versión al final del primer día y una sesión plenaria el segundo día, en la cual los participantes aportaron contribuciones críticas encaminadas a perfeccionar la segunda versión.