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1.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res ; 43(9): 1848-1858, 2019 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31237689

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Specific-sized species of the carbohydrate hyaluronan elicit a variety of cellular responses mediating tissue integrity and repair, as well as regulating inflammatory responses. Orally provided hyaluronan with an average molecular weight of 35 kDa (HA35) protects mice from short-term ethanol (EtOH)-induced liver injury. This protection was associated with maintenance of the colocalization of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin at tight junctions in the proximal colon. However, it is not known whether HA35 also protects other regions of the intestine or whether protection is due to a direct and/or indirect interaction of HA35 with the intestinal epithelium. METHODS: Female C57BL/6J mice were fed an EtOH containing diet or pair-fed control diet (4 days) and treated with or without HA35 via daily gavage during the last 3 days of EtOH feeding. Intestinal morphology and tight junction integrity were assessed. Differentiated Caco-2 cells were transfected or not with scrambled siRNA or siRNA targeting layilin, a hyaluronan receptor. Caco-2 cells were treated with or without HA35 prior to challenge with EtOH. Localization of tight junction proteins, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran permeability, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) were evaluated. RESULTS: While short-term EtOH did not result in any apparent changes in the gross morphology of the intestine, colocalization of ZO-1 and occludin at tight junctions was decreased in the proximal and distal colon. HA35 prevented these effects of EtOH. In differentiated Caco-2 cells, EtOH decreased the localization of ZO-1 and occludin at tight junctions and increased permeability of FITC-dextran. At higher concentrations, EtOH also decreased TEER. Pretreatment with HA35 prevented these changes. When the hyaluronan receptor layilin was knocked down in Caco-2 cells, HA35 no longer protected cells from EtOH-induced loss of tight junctions. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these data indicate that HA35 interacts with layilin on intestinal epithelial cells and maintains intestinal tight junction integrity during short-term EtOH exposure.


Subject(s)
Hyaluronic Acid/therapeutic use , Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects , Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/prevention & control , Tight Junctions/drug effects , Viscosupplements/therapeutic use , Animals , Caco-2 Cells , Central Nervous System Depressants/adverse effects , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Epithelial Cells/drug effects , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Ethanol/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Hyaluronic Acid/pharmacology , Lectins, C-Type/metabolism , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Viscosupplements/pharmacology
2.
J Med Food ; 21(2): 113-126, 2018 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29389238

ABSTRACT

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract whose prevalence has been dramatically increasing over the past decade. New studies have shown that IBD is the second most common chronic inflammatory disease worldwide after rheumatoid arthritis, affecting millions of people mainly in industrialized countries. Symptoms of IBD include frequent bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramping, anorexia, abdominal distension, and emesis. Although the exact etiology is unknown, it has been postulated that immunological, microbial, environmental, nutritional, and genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis and severity of IBD. Today, no treatment has consistently been shown to be successful in treating IBD. This review summarizes current research on the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and existing treatment approaches, including pharmaceutical and nutritional options for IBD.


Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Tract/immunology , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases , Animals , Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Tract/physiopathology , Humans , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/metabolism , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/physiopathology , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy
3.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab ; 41(12): 1248-1254, 2016 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27863208

ABSTRACT

The cucurbits (prebiotics) were investigated as novel agents for radio-modification against gastrointestinal injury. The cell-cycle fractions and DNA damage were monitored in HCT-15 cells. A cucurbit extract was added to culture medium 2 h before irradiation (6 Gy) and was substituted by fresh medium at 4 h post-irradiation. The whole extract of the fruits of Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa cylindrica, or Cucurbita pepo extract enhanced G2 fractions (42%, 34%, and 37%, respectively) as compared with control (20%) and irradiated control (31%). With cucurbits, the comet tail length remained shorter (L. siceraria, 28 µm; L. cylindrica, 34.2 µm; C. pepo, 36.75 µm) than irradiated control (41.75 µm). For in vivo studies, L. siceraria extract (2 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally to mice at 2 h before and 4 and 24 h after whole-body irradiation (10 Gy). L. siceraria treatment restored the glutathione contents to 48.8 µmol/gm as compared with control (27.6 µmol/gm) and irradiated control (19.6 µmol/gm). Irradiation reduced the villi height from 379 to 350 µm and width from 54 to 27 µm. L. siceraria administration countered the radiation effects (length, 366 µm; width, 30 µm, respectively) and improved the villi morphology and tight junction integrity. This study reveals the therapeutic potential of cucurbits against radiation-induced gastrointestinal injury.


Subject(s)
Fruit/chemistry , Gastrointestinal Diseases/prevention & control , Lagenidium/chemistry , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Prebiotics , Radiation Injuries, Experimental/prevention & control , Radiation-Protective Agents/therapeutic use , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Cucurbita/chemistry , DNA Damage , Fruit/economics , G2 Phase/radiation effects , Gastrointestinal Diseases/diet therapy , Gastrointestinal Diseases/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Diseases/pathology , Glutathione/metabolism , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Intestinal Mucosa/pathology , Intestinal Mucosa/radiation effects , Intestinal Mucosa/ultrastructure , Luffa/chemistry , Male , Mice , Microvilli/metabolism , Microvilli/pathology , Microvilli/radiation effects , Microvilli/ultrastructure , Plant Extracts/metabolism , Radiation Effects , Radiation Injuries, Experimental/diet therapy , Radiation Injuries, Experimental/metabolism , Radiation Injuries, Experimental/pathology , Radiation-Protective Agents/metabolism , Random Allocation , Survival Analysis , Tight Junctions/metabolism , Tight Junctions/pathology , Tight Junctions/radiation effects , Tight Junctions/ultrastructure
4.
J Phys Ther Sci ; 28(5): 1482-6, 2016 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27313355

ABSTRACT

[Purpose] The acquisition of motor skills are fundamental to human life. There is a lack of research on whether knowledge of performance or knowledge of result as augmented feedback is more effective. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of knowledge of result and knowledge of performance in the learning of a skilled motor activity by healthy young adults. [Subjects and Methods] A total of thirty healthy young adult males and females without any neurological or musculoskeletal impairment, between the age of 18-30 years were the subjects of the study. They were randomly allocated to 2 groups: group 1 was given knowledge of result as feedback, and knowledge of performance was given as feedback to group 2. Both the groups practiced the task of throwing a soft spongy ball for 6 days per week for 4 weeks, with 40 trials each day. The outcome measure used was the distance of the throw. [Results] The results were analyzed using the t-test. The mean distances thrown by both the groups showed highly significant improvements and throwing distance of group 2 showed better improvement than that of group 1. [Conclusion] Both types of augmented feedback were effective at improving skilled motor activity, but the knowledge of performance group showed better improvement than the knowledge of result group.

5.
Indian J Exp Biol ; 53(4): 216-21, 2015 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26011982

ABSTRACT

In this study, we investigated few dietary cucurbits for anticancer activity by monitoring cytotoxic (MTT and LDH assays), apoptotic (caspase-3 and annexin-V assays), and also their anti-inflammatory effects by IL-8 cytokine assay. Aqua-alcoholic (50:50) whole extracts of cucurbits [Lagenaria siceraria (Ls), Luffa cylindrica (Lc) and Cucurbita pepo (Cp)] were evaluated in colon cancer cells (HT-29 and HCT-15) and were compared with isolated biomolecule, cucurbitacin-B (Cbit-B). MTT and LDH assays revealed that the cucurbit extracts and Cbit-B, in a concentration dependent manner, decreased the viability of HT-29 and HCT-15 cells substantially. The viability of lymphocytes was, however, only marginally decreased, yielding a potential advantage over the tumor cells. Caspase-3 assay revealed maximum apoptosis with Ls while annexin V assay demonstrated maximum efficacy of Lc in this context. These cucurbits have also shown decreased secretion of IL-8, thereby revealing their anti-inflammatory capability. The results have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of dietary cucurbits in inhibiting cancer and inflammatory cytokine.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Cucurbita , Diet , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Humans
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