ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive formation of extracellular amyloid plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, inflammation, and impaired antioxidant systems. Early detection and intervention are vital for managing AD effectively. OBJECTIVE: This review scrutinizes both in-vivo and in-vitro screening models employed in Alzheimer's disease research. In-vivo models, including transgenic mice expressing AD-related mutations, offer profound insights into disease progression and potential therapeutic targets. A thorough understanding of these models and mechanisms will facilitate the development of novel therapies and interventions for Alzheimer's disease. This review aims to provide an overview of the current experimental models in AD research, assess their strengths and weaknesses as model systems, and underscore the future prospects of experimental AD modeling. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature search across multiple databases, such as Pub- Med, Bentham Science, Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, and Research Gate. The search strategy incorporated pertinent keywords related to Alzheimer's disease, in-vivo models, in-vitro models, and screening mechanisms. Inclusion criteria were established to identify studies focused on in-vivo and in-vitro screening models and their mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease research. Studies not meeting the predefined criteria were excluded from the review. RESULTS: A well-structured experimental animal model can yield significant insights into the neurobiology of AD, enhancing our comprehension of its pathogenesis and the potential for cutting-edge therapeutic strategies. Given the limited efficacy of current AD medications, there is a pressing need for the development of experimental models that can mimic the disease, particularly in pre-symptomatic stages, to investigate prevention and treatment approaches. To address this requirement, numerous experimental models replicating human AD pathology have been established, serving as invaluable tools for assessing potential treatments. CONCLUSION: In summary, this comprehensive review underscores the pivotal role of in-vivo and in-vitro screening models in advancing our understanding of Alzheimer's disease. These models offer invaluable insights into disease progression, pathological mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets. By conducting a rigorous investigation and evaluation of these models and mechanisms, effective screening and treatment methods for Alzheimer's disease can be devised. The review also outlines future research directions and areas for enhancing AD screening models.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The increasing specialization and dispersion of healthcare systems have led to a shortage of resources to address comorbidities. Patients with coexisting mental and physical conditions are disadvantaged, as medical providers often only focus on the patient's mental illness while neglecting their physical needs, resulting in poorer health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to shed light on the systemic flaws in healthcare systems that contribute to suboptimal health outcomes in individuals with comorbid diseases, including depression and diabetes. This paper also discusses the clinical and economic benefits of collaborative methods for diagnosing and treating depressive disorders in primary care settings. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review of the relationship between depression and diabetes was conducted. The outcomes of the literature review were carefully analyzed. Several databases were searched using keywords such as "diabetes," "depression," "comorbidity," "prevalence," "epidemiology," and "risk factors" using Google Scholar and PubMed as search engines. The review and research papers written between 1961 and 2023 were our main focus. RESULTS: This study revealed improved depressive symptoms and better blood sugar and blood pressure control. Additionally, individuals with comorbid depression and diabetes have higher direct and secondary medical costs. Antidepressants and psychological interventions are equally effective in treating depressive symptoms in patients with diabetes, although they have conflicting effects on glycemic control. For individuals with comorbid diabetes and depression, clear care pathways, including a multidisciplinary team, are essential for achieving the best medical and mental health outcomes. CONCLUSION: Coordinated healthcare solutions are necessary to reduce the burden of illness and improve therapeutic outcomes. Numerous pathophysiological mechanisms interact with one another and may support the comorbidities of T2DM, and depressive disorders could exacerbate the course of both diseases.
ABSTRACT
Metabolic disorders have long been a challenge for medical professionals and are a leading cause of mortality in adults. Diabetes, cardiovascular disorders (CVD), renal dysfunction, and ischemic stroke are the most prevalent ailments contributing to a high mortality rate worldwide. Reactive oxygen species are one of the leading factors that act as a fundamental root cause of metabolic syndrome. All of these disorders have their respective treatments, which, to some degree, sabotage the pathological worsening of the disease and an inevitable death. However, they pose a perilous health hazard to humankind. Cysteine, a functional amino acid shows promise for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders, such as CVD, Diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, and ischemic stroke. In this review, we explored whether cysteine can eradicate reactive oxygen species and subsequently prevent and treat these diseases.
ABSTRACT
To date, nanomaterials have been widely used for the treatment and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Amongst various nanomaterials, polymer-based nanomaterials are becoming increasingly popular in nanomedicine due to their functionalised fabrication and easy synthesis, making them biocompatible, cost-effective, biodegradable, and efficient nanocarriers for the delivery of drugs to a specific target cell. They act as photothermal reagents with high absorption in the near-infrared region that can transform near-infrared light into localised heat with fewer side effects, provide easier integration with existing therapies, and offer increased effectiveness. They have been combined with photothermal therapy to understand the chemical and physical activities behind the stimuli-responsiveness of polymer nanomaterials. In this review article, we provide detailed information regarding the recent advances in polymer nanomaterials for the non-invasive photothermal treatment of arthritis. The synergistic effect of polymer nanomaterials and photothermal therapy has enhanced the treatment and diagnosis of arthritis and reduced the side effects of drugs in the joint cavity. In addition, further novel challenges and future perspectives must be resolved to advance polymer nanomaterials for the photothermal therapy of arthritis.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PC) has the highest prevalence in men and accounts for a high rate of neoplasia-related death. Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most widely used anti-neoplastic drugs for prostate cancer among others. However, it has low specificity and many side effects and affects normal cells. More recently, there have been newly developed drug delivery tools which are graphene or graphene-based, used to increase the specificity of the delivered drug molecules. The graphene derivatives possess both π-π stacking and increased hydrophobicity, factors that increase the likelihood of drug delivery. Despite this, the hydrophilicity of graphene remains problematic, as it induced problems with stability. For this reason, the use of a chitosan coating remains one way to modify the surface features of graphene. METHOD: In this investigation, a hybrid nanoparticle that consisted of a DOX-loaded reduced graphene oxide that is stabilized with chitosan (rGOD-HNP) was developed. RESULT: The newly developed rGOD-HNP demonstrated high biocompatibility and efficiency in entrapping DOX (~65%) and releasing it in a controlled manner (~50% release in 48 h). Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that rGOD-HNP can intracellularly deliver DOX and more specifically in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. CONCLUSION: This delivery tool offers a feasible and viable method to deliver DOX photo-thermally in the treatment of prostate cancer.
