The time of equipoise on the use of biological DMARDs in for inflammatory arthritis during pregnancy is finally over: a reappraisal of evidence to optimise pregnancy management.

Active inflammatory arthritis in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Treatment of active inflammation and maintenance of low disease activity with medication reduces these risks. Therapeutic decisions on disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in pregnancy are complicated by safety concerns, which have led to inappropriate withdrawal of treatment and consequential harm to mother and fetus. Studies of inflammatory arthritis in pregnancy have consistently shown minimal safety concerns with the use of biological DMARDs and an increased risk of disease flare with discontinuation of biological DMARDs. It is our opinion that during pregnancy, the benefits of disease control with biological DMARDs, when required in addition to conventional synthetic DMARDs, outweigh the risks. In this Series paper, we review the reasons for reconsideration of equipoise and propose an agenda for future research to optimise the use of biological DMARDs in inflammatory arthritis during pregnancy.

Ophthalmologic profile of patients with systemic sclerosis.

PURPOSE: To study the ophthalmologic manifestations of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and its correlation with autoantibody profile. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on 200 eyes of 100 consecutive adult patients diagnosed with SSc was performed at a tertiary care center in Northern India. The examination of ocular adnexa, anterior segment, and posterior segment with slit-lamp biomicroscopy, tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer's II test, and choroidal thickness measurement by swept-source ocular coherence tomography was done. Autoantibody profile was available for 85 patients, and its statistical association with the ocular examination findings was analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 100 patients (93 females and 7 males) were included. The mean age was 45.11 ± 11.68 years, and the mean disease duration was 6.93 ± 3.68 years. Meibomian gland disease was more commonly found in patients with the diffuse subtype of SSc (P = 0.037). Choroidal thickness was increased in 34% and decreased in 7% (reference range = 307 ± 79 mm) patients. Reduced TBUT, meibomian gland dysfunction, and eyelid stiffness had a statistically significant association with the presence of anti-Scl-70 antibody (P = 0.003, <0.0001, and 0.004, respectively). These patients had ocular fatigue, foreign body sensation, and burning sensation. No significant association was noted with the presence of SS-A/Ro and SS-B/La antibodies. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need for an active comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation. Approximately 75% of the patients in our cohort had ocular involvement to varying extent. An isolated presence of anti-Scl70 antibody was also found to have a positive association with dry eye disease.

Rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid shows enrichment of T-cells producing GMCSF which are polyfunctional for TNFα and IFNγ.

OBJECTIVES: GMCSF+T-cells may be involved in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and polyfunctionality may be a marker of pathogenicity. Although, higher frequencies of CD4+GMCSF+ T-cells have been reported, there are no data on CD8+GMCSF+ T-cells or polyfunctionality.Our objective was to enumerate frequencies of CD8+GMCSF+ T cells in RA blood and synovial fluid (SF), and assess their polyfunctionality, memory phenotype and cytotoxic ability. METHODS: This study included RA patients (blood samples,in some with paired synovial fluid (SF)), healthy controls (HC) (blood) and SpA patients (SF). In some RA patients' blood was sampled twice, before and 16-24 weeks after methotrexate (MTX) treatment. After mononuclear cell isolation from blood and SF, ex-vivo stimulation using PMA/Ionomycin was done, and cells were stained (surface and intracellular after permeabilisation/fixation). Subsequently, frequencies of GMCSF+CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells, polyfunctionality (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-17), phenotype (memory) and perforin/granzyme expression were assessed by flowcytometry. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in frequencies of GMCSF+CD8+ (3.7, 4.1%, p=0.540) or GMCSF+CD4+ T-cells (4.5, 5.2%, p=0.450) inblood of RA and HC. However, there was significant enrichment of both CD8+GMCSF+ (5.8, 3.9%, p=0.0045) and CD4+GMCSF+ (8.5, 4.5%, p=0.0008) T-cells inSF compared to blood in RA patients. Polyfunctional triple cytokine positive TNFα+IFNγ+GMCSF+CD8+T-cells (81, 36%, p=0.049) and CD4+T-cells (48, 32%, p=0.010) was also higher in SF compared to blood in RA. CD8+ T cells showed higher frequency of effector-memory phenotype and granzyme-B expression in RA-SF. On longitudinal follow-up, blood CD4+GMCSF+ T-cells significantly declined (4.6, 2.9%, p=0.0014) post-MTX. CONCLUSIONS: We report a novel finding of enrichment of CD8+GMCSF+ in addition to CD4+GMCSF+ T-cells in RA-SF. These cells showed higher polyfunctionality for TNFα and IFNγ, and effector memory phenotype suggesting their involvement in RA pathogenesis.

Human leukocyte antigen association in systemic sclerosis patients: our experience at a tertiary care center in North India.

Introduction: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic multisystem autoimmune rheumatic disease of unknown etiology. Several studies have established that SSc is triggered by a dynamic interplay between genetic factors and environmental stimuli. In the present study, we aimed to study the association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) with familial and non-familial SSc patients [limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc)] from North India. Methods: The HLA-A, B, DRB1, and DQB1 genotyping of 150 (70 lcSSc and 80 dcSSc) adult-onset SSc patients and 150 age-gender-matched healthy controls were performed with sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) typing kits using the luminex platform. HLA typing for HLA class I (A, B, and C) and II (DRB1, DQB1, and DPB1) in five North Indian families consisting of parent-child/sibling pairs affected with SSc or overlap syndrome was performed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) with Illumina MiniSeq. Rseults: Among the non-familial SSc patients, HLA- DRB1*11 (P = 0.001, OR: 2.38, P c = 0.01) was identified as a risk allele, and DRB1*12 (P = .0001, OR: 0.00, P c = 0.001) as a protective allele. There was no statistical association found with HLA-DQB1*. Also, no significant association was observed between HLA antigens and different clinical subsets (lcSSc and dcSSc) of SSc. Two cases of familial SSc patients had the DRB1*11 allele. The DRB1*12 allele was absent in all the familial SSc patients. Discussion: HLA DRB1*11 (risk allele) and DRB1*12 (protective allele) were found to be strongly associated with non-familial SSc patients and partially explain the disease's familial clustering, supporting the susceptible genetic background theory for SSc development. The study also indicates the HLA allele as a common genetic risk factor in distinct autoimmune diseases contributing to overlap syndrome or polyautoimmunity.

Comparison of two doses of leucovorin in severe low-dose methotrexate toxicity - a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Leucovorin (folinic acid) is a commonly used antidote for severe toxicity with low-dose methotrexate, but its optimum dose is unclear, varying from 15 to 25 mg every 6-h. METHODS: Open-label RCT included patients with severe low-dose (≤ 50 mg/week) methotrexate toxicity defined as WBC ≤ 2 × 10^9/L or platelet ≤ 50 × 10^9/L and randomized them to receive either usual (15 mg) or high-dose (25 mg) intravenous leucovorin given every 6-h. Primary outcome was mortality at 30-days and secondary outcomes were hematological recovery and mucositis recovery. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CTRI/2019/09/021152. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were included, most with underlying RA who had inadvertently overdosed MTX (taken daily instead of weekly). At randomization, the median white blood and platelet count were 0.8 × 10^9/L and 23.5 × 10^9/L. 19 patients each were randomized to receive either usual or high-dose leucovorin. Number (%) of deaths over 30-days was 8 (42) and 9 (47) in usual and high-dose leucovorin groups (Odds ratio 1.2, 95% CI 0.3 to 4.5, p = 0.74). On Kaplan-Meier, there was no significant difference in survival between the groups (hazard ratio 1.1, 95% CI 0.4 to 2.9, p = 0.84). On multivariable cox-regression, serum albumin was the only predictor of survival (hazard ratio 0.3, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.9, p = 0.02). There was no significant difference in hematological or mucositis recovery between the two groups. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in survival or time-to hematological recovery between the two doses of leucovorin. Severe low-dose methotrexate toxicity carried a significant mortality.

Predictors of COVID-19 severity and outcomes in Indian patients with rheumatic diseases: a prospective cohort study.

Objective: There is dearth of data regarding the outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease (RMD) patients from Southeast Asia. We report the clinicodemographic profile and identify predictors of COVID-19 outcomes in a large cohort of Indian RMD patients. Methods: This prospective cohort study, carried out at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (a tertiary care centre in India), included RMD patients affected with COVID-19 between April 2020 and October 2021. Demographic and clinical and laboratory details of COVID-19 and underlying RMD were noted. Predictors of mortality, hospitalization and severe COVID-19 were identified using stepwise multivariable logistic regression. Results: A total of 64 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2-infected RMD patients [age 41.5 (19-85) years; 46 (72%) females] were included. Eighteen (28%) patients had severe COVID-19. Twenty-three (36%) required respiratory support [11 (17%) required mechanical ventilation]. Thirty-six (56%) patients required hospitalization [median duration of stay 10 (1-42) days]; 17 (27%) required intensive care unit admission. Presence of co-morbidities [odds ratio (OR) = 4.5 (95% CI: 1.4, 14.7)] was found to be an independent predictor of COVID-19 severity. Co-morbidities [OR = 10.7 (95% CI: 2.5, 45.4)] and underlying lupus [OR = 7.0 (95% CI: 1.2, 40.8)] were independently associated with COVID-19 hospitalization. Ongoing rheumatic disease activity [OR = 6.8 (95% CI: 1.3, 35.4)] and underlying diagnosis of lupus [OR = 7.1 (95% CI: 1.2, 42.4)] and SSc [OR = 9.5 (95% CI: 1.5, 61.8)] were found to be strong independent predictors of mortality. Age, sex, underlying RMD-associated interstitial lung disease and choice of immunosuppressive therapy were not associated with COVID-19 severity or adverse outcomes. Conclusion: The presence of co-morbidities was independently associated with COVID-19 severity and hospitalization. Ongoing rheumatic disease activity and the presence of lupus or SSc independently predicted mortality. Age, sex, type of immunosuppressive therapy and presence of RMD-associated interstitial lung disease did not affect COVID-19 severity or outcomes in Indian RMD patients.

Long-term persistence of oral methotrexate and associated factors in rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective cohort study.

There is little data on long-term persistence/continuation of methotrexate among Indian Rheumatoid arthritis patients. We assembled a retrospective single-center cohort consisting of RA patients (fulfilling 1987 ACR criteria) started on methotrexate as part of three academic studies (including two RCTs) from 2011 to 2016. Oral methotrexate was started at 7.5 or 15 mg per week with a target dose of 25 mg per week. Between August and December 2020, all patients were contacted (telephonically) and data were obtained from clinic files to evaluate self-reported continuation/persistence of methotrexate and reasons for discontinuation. Survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier and cox-regression were used to assess methotrexate continuation rates and factors associated with its discontinuation. This study included 317 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, with mean age and disease duration (at enrollment) of 43 years and 2 years; And positive rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP in 69 and 75%. At follow-up, 16 patients (5%) had died, whereas 103 (32.5%) had discontinued methotrexate. On Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the mean survival (continuation) time for methotrexate was 7.3 years (95% CI 7-7.6 years). The actuarial continuation/persistence of methotrexate at 3, 5 and 9 years was 92, 81 and 51%, respectively. Among those who discontinued methotrexate, common reasons were remission of disease, symptomatic adverse effects (intolerance), perceived lack of efficacy and socioeconomic reasons. On multivariable cox-regression, symptomatic adverse effects during the first 12-24 weeks (Hazard ratio, 95% CI 1.8 (1.2-2.8)) and anti-CCP positivity (Hazard ratio, 95% CI 0.6 (0.3-1.0)) were significantly associated with hazard of discontinuation. Persistence or continuation of methotrexate was found to be good and comparable to reports in other centers world-wide. Apart from remission, the most important cause of methotrexate discontinuation was symptomatic adverse effects (intolerance).

Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging of hands in systemic sclerosis: A cross-sectional analytical study of prevalence of inflammatory changes in patients with subclinical arthropathy.

Objectives: Prevalence of synovitis, tenosynovitis, erosions, acro-osteolysis and bone marrow edema in systemic sclerosis is not extensively reported. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of changes in individual joints of hands in systemic sclerosis patients. Method: A cross-sectional analytical study consisting of 34 adults (females, n = 32) with systemic sclerosis. Patients with clinical synovitis were excluded. All patients underwent ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging of bilateral hands. Results: On US, synovitis, tenosynovitis, erosions, and acro-osteolysis were detected in 97%, 94%, 97%, and 29% patients. Grade I synovitis observed in 67% joints-first carpometacarpal joint (55%), first metacarpophalangeal joint (54%), distal radioulnar joint (50%), and intercarpal joints (47%) were commonly affected. Erosions were common in distal phalanges (first DP72% to fifth DP39%). On magnetic resonance imaging, synovitis, tenosynovitis, erosions, and bone edema were observed in 91%, 85%, 97%, and 85% patients. Grade I synovitis was seen in 70% joints, affecting intercarpal joint (70.6%) and third metacarpophalangeal joint (52.9%) commonly. Grade I erosions were seen in 61%, affecting distal phalanges (55.8%), capitate (60.3%), and lunate (55.8%). Grade I edema was commonly affecting lunate (39%) and capitate (26%). On magnetic resonance imaging, acro-osteolysis was present in 28% (97/340) distal phalanges. Fair agreement (0.21-0.40) was noted between US and magnetic resonance imaging for synovitis and erosions. Conclusion: High prevalence of low-grade inflammation is found in systemic sclerosis patients on US and magnetic resonance imaging. Distal joint assessment in addition to proximal joints improves accurate estimation of prevalence of early arthropathy.

Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in systemic sclerosis patients: A molecular and serological based study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate an association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODOLOGY: One hundred and fifty (138 female, 12 male) consecutive adult SSc patients fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/ European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria were included in this cross-sectional study. Serological analysis by line blot for class immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies against EBV antigen (EBV capsid antigen [VCA] gp125, VCA p19, EBNA-1, p22, EA-D) and quantification of EBV DNA in whole blood by real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed. RESULTS: Class IgM antibodies against VCA gp125 (22.8% vs 0%, P < .0002), VCA p19 (55.7% vs 4.4%, P < .0001), EBNA1 (35.7% vs 0%, P < .0001), p22 (24.2% vs 0%, P < .0001), EA-D (14.2% vs 2.2%, P < .04), and class IgG antibodies against p22 (95.7% vs 82.2%, P < .02) and EA-D (54.2% vs 0%, P < .0001) reactivities were significantly higher in SSc patients than in controls. The past infection was significantly associated with the control group (42.8% vs 91%, P < .0001); and the viral reactivation was significantly associated with the SSc group (55.7% vs 4.4%, P < .0001). Only three (2%) out of 150 SSc patients were positive for EBV DNA, similar to the control group (2%) (P > .9). CONCLUSION: The study shows a strong serological association of EBV (reactivation stage) with SSc patients in the absence of viral DNA in the circulation, indicating the EBV reservoir or tropism presence elsewhere.

Managing ANCA-associated vasculitis during COVID-19 pandemic: a single-center cross-sectional study.

The objective of the study is to report the outcomes of COVID-19 in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) patients. This was a registry-based observational study conducted at a tertiary care center in north India. AAV patients with at least one follow-up visit between March 2020 and September 2021 were included. Demographic features, clinical manifestations, disease activity, and treatment details of underlying AAV were noted in all patients. Details of COVID-19 infection including severity, treatment, and outcomes were noted. Predictors of COVID-19 severity were determined using univariate analysis. A total of 33 (18.3%) out of 180 AAV patients contracted COVID-19 infection. Moderate COVID-19 infection was seen in 33.3% and severe or critical infection was seen in 36.3% of patients. Seventeen patients (51.5%) required supplemental oxygen therapy. Nine patients had active disease at the time of COVID-19 infection and three of them died due to COVID-19 infection. The risk of COVID-19 infection and its severity did not differ between patients receiving different immunosuppressants including rituximab induction. Hypothyroidism (p = 0.046) and ocular (p = 0.038) involvement due to AAV predicted the development of moderate to severe/critical COVID-19. Three (9.1%) patients died from COVID-19 and the rate of AAV flare after COVID-19 was similar to that in non-COVID-19 patients (15.3/100 person-year vs. 15.6/100 person-year, p = 0.95). Majority of the patients with AAV had moderate to severe or critical COVID-19 infection. The rate of death due to COVID-19 in AAV is higher than in general population. Use of standard remission induction regimens did not lead to increased risk of COVID-19 infection in our AAV cohort.

Antinuclear antibody pattern and autoantibody profiling of systemic sclerosis patients in a tertiary referral center in North India.

Antinuclear antibody (ANA) pattern and autoantibody (autoAb) profiling of 150 adult systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients concerning their clinical association and diagnostic significance were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), immunoblot, and fluorescence enzyme immunoassay. One hundred and forty-three (95.3%) patients had positive ANA: DNA topoisomerase I (topo I)-like pattern-84(56%); speckled pattern-44(29.3%);centromere pattern-7(4.6%); and nucleolar pattern-4(2.6%). Three distinct topo I-like immunofluorescence patterns were detected at 1:40 dilution. Topo I-like pattern (32/75-limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc) vs. 52/75-diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc); p < 0.001) was found to be associated with dcSSc subset and speckled pattern (lcSSc 28/75 vs. dcSSc 16/75; p < 0.03) with lcSSc subset. One hundred and thirty-eight (92%) patients were positive for SSc-associated autoAbs. The frequency distribution of autoAbs to topo I, centromere A (CENP A) and centromereB (CENP B), RNA polymerase III (RP11, RP155), fibrillarin (U3RNP), nucleolus organizer region (NOR)-90, Th/To, PM-Scl75, PM-Scl100, Ku, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and Ro-52, were 87(58%), 9(6%), 8(5.3%), 6(4%), 9(6%), 0, 6(4%), 6(4%), 8(5.3%), 5(3.3%), 11(7.3%),0 and 46(30.6%), respectively. Topo I autoAb was strongly associated with dcSSc (35/75 lcSSc vs. 52/75 dcSSc; p < 0.004), Raynaud's (p < 0.003), interstitial lung disease (ILD) (p < 0.001) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (p < 0.04). This study helps in defining SSc clinical subset, prognostic markers of disease severity, characterization of the topo I-like ANA pattern, and provides a definite association between the ANA patterns and corresponding autoAb.

Hydroxychloroquine in Treatment of Asymptomatic and Mildly Symptomatic COVID-19: A Multi-Centre Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Although hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) lacks benefit in patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19, its role in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic disease needs better elucidation. METHODS: This multi-centre cohort study included asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic, RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 cases between 30 March and 20 May, 2020. Patients were categorized into two groups (HCQ-treated and untreated) based on exposure to HCQ. Dose of HCQ used was 400 mg twice daily (day one) followed by once daily for seven days. HCQ-untreated patients were managed supportively without any active antiviral or immunomodulatory therapy. Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 clearance by RT-PCR (primary outcome) was compared between HCQ-treated and untreated patients using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional-hazards regression. Clinical efficacy and safety profile of HCQ were assessed (secondary outcomes). RESULTS: 162 patients [84 (51·9%) males; mean age 38·2 (15·2) years] were included. Forty-four (27·2%) patients had mild disease, rest 118 (72·8%) were asymptomatic. Seventy-five (46·3%) patients received HCQ. Median time to virological negativity was lesser in HCQ-treated (13 days) versus untreated patients (15 days) (logrank<0·001) in both asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients. Treatment with HCQ was the only independent predictor of virological negativity (hazardratio=2·24; adjusted p-value<0·001). Two (5·4%) mildly symptomatic patients progressed to severe disease within 24 hours (two doses) of HCQ initiation, compared to none in the HCQ-untreated group. Five HCQ-treated patients developed minor gastrointestinal side effects, not requiring drug discontinuation. CONCLUSION: HCQ reduced the time to virologic negativity (by 2 days) in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic COVID-19, without any serious adverse events. However, no obvious clinical benefit was noted.

Association of immunological features with clinical manifestations in primary Sjogren's syndrome: a single-center cross-sectional study.

The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical features and evaluate the utility of immunological features as predictors of organ involvement and disease severity in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). In this single-center observational cross-sectional study, subjects fulfilling the 2012 AECG criteria or 2016 ACR/EULAR criteria for pSS were included. Details of glandular, extra-glandular manifestations, ESSDAI, ESSPRI, ANA, anti-Ro/La antibodies, rheumatoid factor (RF), complement (C3 and C4) levels and hyperglobulinemia were noted. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed for determining associations and relative risk (RR) was calculated. Sixty-four subjects with pSS were included in the study. Females constituted 92% and median age at onset was 37.5 (15-74) years. Ocular or oral sicca was noted in 61 (95.3%) subjects and parotidomegaly was noted in 17 (26.5%) subjects. Extra-glandular manifestations noted were: constitutional (85.9%), articular (65.6%), renal (29.6%), hematological (26.6%), cutaneous (12.5%), peripheral nerves (9.3%) and pulmonary (4.7%). Immunological features noted were: ANA (85.9%), anti-Ro (81.3%), anti-La (60.9%), RF (84.4%), hypocomplementemia (39.1%) and hyperglobulinemia (62.5%). Median ESSDAI was 6 (0-23) and ESSPRI was 7 (0-10). ANA was associated with younger age and renal involvement (RR 1.25). Anti-Ro was associated with younger age, renal involvement (RR 1.36) and high ESSDAI. Anti-La was associated with high renal (RR 3.4) and low articular involvement (RR 2.75). RF was associated with hematological involvement and hyperglobulinemia was associated with younger age. Certain immunological features can help predict the organ involvement in patients with pSS. Larger, prospective follow-up studies are needed to clearly understand these associations.

Scleroderma Renal Crisis is Associated with High Mortality: A Real-World Study from India.

INTRODUCTION: Scleroderma renal crisis (SRC) is a life-threatening complication of systemic sclerosis. Since the use of ACE inhibitors in this condition, there has been a significant reduction of mortality rates. However, there is limited data on characteristics and outcomes of SRC from developing countries. METHOD: This was a single centre, case-control study from India. The records of all patients admitted in the last 5 years were scrutinized, and patients with SRC (as per the updated consensus classification, 2014) were compared with patients of systemic sclerosis who were admitted for other reasons (controls). Disease characteristics, between cases and controls, were compared using chi-squared test, and odds ratios (OR) were calculated. Survival was compared using KaplanMeier statistics. RESULTS: Ninety-four patients of systemic sclerosis admitted over five-years; among them 15 had SRC. As compared to controls, those with SRC had a significantly higher rates of pericardial effusion (OR 11.7, p=0.02), dilated cardiomyopathy (OR 2.5, p=0.04), myopathy (OR 19.3, p=0.001), taking mediumhigh dose glucocorticoids (OR 7.9, p=0.009) and recent disease onset (OR 39.3, p=0.01). Despite aggressive control of hypertension with ACE inhibitors, 10/12 patients with SRC died. Mean (SD) survival in patients with SRC (11.5, 95% CI 5.7 to 17.6 months) was significantly lower than controls (66.2, 95% CI 58.4 to 73.9 months, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In this single-centre study from a developing country, scleroderma renal crisis was associated with a dismal prognosis, despite the use of ACEI. The recent use of medium-high dose glucocorticoids was associated with SRC.