Evaluation of shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index of metal APC™ Flash-Free adhesive system: A comparative in vitro study with APC™ II and uncoated metal brackets.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) of the metal APC™ Flash-Free adhesive system, the APC™ pre-coated adhesive system and a conventional uncoated system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred eighty-six freshly extracted human premolars were randomly divided into 3 groups and bonded by a single operator. Group A/Control Group (60 teeth): the manual bonding group treated with Transbond™ XT Light Cure Adhesive Paste (3M™ Unitek). Group B (60 teeth): treated with APC™II metal maxillary premolar precoated brackets. Group C (66 teeth): treated with metal maxillary premolar APC Flash-Free brackets. The teeth were then stored in distilled water at 37̊C for 24hours, and five hundred cycles of thermocycling were performed. The Shear Bond Strength (SBS) test was performed using an Instron Universal Testing Machine, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was determined using a dental optical microscope at ×25 magnification. RESULTS: The mean shear bond strength values showed differences between the three types of brackets (P=0.016; Anova). It was significantly higher with APC™II and lower with APC Flash-Free brackets; however, no significant differences were found between conventional and APC Flash-Free brackets (P-value=0.574). The distribution of the dichotomized ARI score was significantly different between the three brackets (P-value=0.049). The ARI score for APC Flash-Free brackets was higher with no significant difference between the conventional system and APC brackets (P-value=0.361). CONCLUSIONS: The mean SBS values were not significantly different between APC Flash-Free metal brackets and uncoated metal brackets. The APC Flash-Free metal system's bond failure occurred at the bracket-adhesive interface, with the highest percentage of teeth having more than 50% of the residual composite on the enamel after debonding.

A click mediated route to a novel fluorescent pyridino-extended calix[4]pyrrole sensor: synthesis and binding studies.

A novel fluorescent aryl-extended phenoxycalix[4]pyrrole ditopic sensor with enhanced cation recognition properties was efficiently synthesized via click chemistry and characterized through both molecular fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results demonstrate the selectivity of this fluorescent sensor for fluoride when taking into account its interaction with anions, while its cation binding properties showed selectivity for iron, and its sensing properties for several cations in dimethylsulfoxide. This work introduces a new ditopic receptor able to complex major environmentally relevant species and depicts the importance of click chemistry in the introduction of new tetra-chromophoric calix[4]pyrrole binding platforms with specific photophysical properties.