ABSTRACT
Prior biochemical analysis of the heterodimeric vaccinia virus mRNA capping enzyme suggests roles not only in mRNA capping but also in early viral gene transcription termination and intermediate viral gene transcription initiation. Prior phenotypic characterization of Dts36, a temperature sensitive virus mutant affecting the large subunit of the capping enzyme was consistent with the multifunctional roles of the capping enzyme in vivo. We report a biochemical analysis of the capping enzyme encoded by Dts36. Of the three enzymatic activities required for mRNA capping, the guanylyltransferase and methyltransferase activities are compromised while the triphosphatase activity and the D12 subunit interaction are unaffected. The mutant enzyme is also defective in stimulating early gene transcription termination and intermediate gene transcription initiation in vitro. These results confirm that the vaccinia virus mRNA capping enzyme functions not only in mRNA capping but also early gene transcription termination and intermediate gene transcription initiation in vivo.
Subject(s)
Methyltransferases/genetics , Multienzyme Complexes/genetics , Nucleotidyltransferases/genetics , Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Transcription Initiation, Genetic/physiology , Transcription Termination, Genetic/physiology , Vaccinia virus/genetics , Animals , Cell Line , Chlorocebus aethiops , HeLa Cells , Humans , Methyltransferases/metabolism , Nucleoside-Triphosphatase/metabolism , Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism , RNA, Viral/genetics , Vaccinia virus/metabolism , Viral ProteinsSubject(s)
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications , Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/etiology , Chronic Disease , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/diagnosis , Humans , Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/diagnosis , Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/pathology , Leukemic Infiltration/diagnosis , Leukemic Infiltration/etiology , Male , Middle Aged , Skin/pathology , T-Lymphocytes/pathologyABSTRACT
Ascorbic acid has been shown to kill various cancer cell lines at pharmacologic concentrations. We found that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells were more susceptible to ascorbic acid-induced cell killing than EBV-negative BL cells or EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs). Ascorbic acid did not induce apoptosis in any of the tested cells but did induce the production of reactive oxygen species and cell death. Previously, we showed that bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, induces cell death in LCLs and EBV-positive BL cells. We found that ascorbic acid is strongly antagonistic for bortezomib-induced cell death in LCLs and EBV-positive BL cells. Finally, ascorbic acid did not prolong survival of severe combined immunodefiency mice inoculated with LCLs either intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. Thus, while ascorbic acid was highly effective at killing EBV-positive BL cells and LCLs in vitro, it antagonized cell killing by bortezomib and was ineffective in an animal model.
Subject(s)
Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology , Burkitt Lymphoma/metabolism , Burkitt Lymphoma/virology , Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage , Boronic Acids/pharmacology , Bortezomib , Burkitt Lymphoma/drug therapy , Burkitt Lymphoma/mortality , Cell Line, Transformed , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cell Transformation, Viral , Female , Humans , Mice , Pyrazines/pharmacology , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Virus Replication/drug effectsABSTRACT
Complementation analysis of the combined Condit/Dales collection of vaccinia virus temperature-sensitive mutants has been reported (Lackner, C.A., D'Costa, S.M., Buck, C., Condit, R.C., 2003. Complementation analysis of the Dales collection of vaccinia virus temperature-sensitive mutants. Virology 305, 240-259), however not all complementation groups have previously been assigned to single genes on the viral genome. We have used marker rescue to map at least one representative of each complementation group to a unique viral gene. The final combined collection contains 124 temperature-sensitive mutants affecting 38 viral genes, plus five double mutants.
Subject(s)
Chromosome Mapping , Mutation , Vaccinia virus/genetics , Animals , Cell Line , Chlorocebus aethiops , Genes, Viral , Genetic Complementation Test , Hot Temperature , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Viral Plaque AssayABSTRACT
The heterodimeric vaccinia virus mRNA capping enzyme is a multifunctional enzyme, encoded by genes D1R and D12L. Published biochemical experiments demonstrate that, in addition to mRNA capping, the enzyme is involved in early viral gene transcription termination and intermediate viral gene transcription initiation. This paper presents the phenotypic characterization of Dts36, a temperature sensitive mutant in the large subunit of the mRNA capping enzyme (G705D), encoded by gene D1R. At the non-permissive temperature, Dts36 displays decreased steady state levels of some early RNAs, suggesting a defect in mRNA capping. Mutant infections also show decreased steady state levels of some early proteins, while DNA replication and post-replicative gene expression are absent. Under non-permissive conditions, the mutant directs synthesis of longer-than-normal early mRNAs from some genes, demonstrating that early gene transcription termination is defective. If mutant infections are initiated at the permissive temperature and shifted to the non-permissive temperature late during infection, steady state levels of intermediate gene transcripts decrease while the levels of late gene transcripts remain constant, consistent with a defect in intermediate gene transcription initiation. In addition to its previously described role in mRNA capping, the results presented in this study provide the first in vivo evidence that the vaccinia virus mRNA capping enzyme plays a role in early gene transcription termination and intermediate gene transcription.
