An unusual presentation of subacute Haemophilus parainfluenzae endocarditis in a low-risk woman treated by minimally invasive mitral valve repair: a case report.

BACKGROUND: HACEK endocarditis is usually insidious and can often be difficult to diagnose due to the slow-growing nature of the organisms. This report presents our experience in treating a patient with Haemophilus parainfluenzae endocarditis. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the case of a previously fit and well 23 year-old woman who presented to her local emergency department with a four-week history of persistent febrile illness. She had associated nausea, vomiting, and lethargy. This was preceded by an episode of mucopurulent rhinorrhoea. She was treated empirically with oral amoxicillin for a putative diagnosis of rhinosinusitis. Initially, her symptoms abated, however, she was readmitted with high fevers and a new pansystolic murmur. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a large, mobile, echogenic mass, tethered to the posterior mitral valve leaflet (PMVL) and mild mitral regurgitation (MR). On examination, she had multiple non-tender, erythematous macules on the plantar surface of her feet, consistent with Janeway lesions. Two separate blood cultures grew H. parainfluenzae. Infectious diseases recommended a four-week course of intravenous ceftriaxone. Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated a perforation within the P3 segment of the PMVL. Subsequently, the patient underwent mitral valve repair surgery with an uneventful recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Our case highlights the importance of promptly diagnosing HACEK endocarditis. A prolonged course of antibiotic therapy can be lifesaving, and surgery is often necessary to address complications such as perforation within the mitral valve leaflets. In our patient, we were able to perform a sliding P2 leaflet plasty for good quality repair of the mitral valve, through a minimally invasive right anterior thoracotomy.

Radionuclides distribution and radiation hazards assessment of black sand separation plant's minerals: a case study.

This study assessed the radioactivity levels and associated risks in the black sand-separated products obtained from the black sand separation plant in Delta, Egypt. A total of sixteen samples were taken from hot spots during and after the separation process. These include water samples and other samples that represent monazite, rutile, zircon, granite, ilmenite, and silica products. The hot spots included the area where the ore was stored. The activity concentrations of 232 T h , 226 R a , and 40 K were determined in these samples using a p-type HPGe detector. Based on gamma spectrometric analysis, samples of rutile, zircon, and monazite had the highest amounts of radioactivity because they contained the highest NORM's activity concentrations. In addition, it indicated that the radiological hazard indices of the collected samples were higher than the average world limits for sand texture. These findings suggest that the black sand separation process reveals potential risks to human health and the environment, and therefore, appropriate measures need to be taken to mitigate these risks, especially for the safety of the workers on-site. Reducing the risk associated with those sites should be controlled by implementing the recommendations declared for the series of International Basic Safety Standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (GSR) Part 3, as affirmed in Document No. 103 of 2007 by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) as will be presented in the paper body.

Mechanical Circulatory Support Strategies in Takotsubo Syndrome with Cardiogenic Shock: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Takotsubo syndrome is, by definition, a reversible form of acute heart failure. If cardiac output is severely reduced, Takotsubo syndrome can cause cardiogenic shock, and mechanical circulatory support can serve as a bridge to recovery. To date, there are no recommendations on when to use mechanical circulatory support and on which device is particularly effective in this context. Our aim was to determine the best treatment strategy. METHODS: A systematic literature research and analysis of individual patient data was performed in MEDLINE/PubMed according to PRISMA guidelines. Our research considered original works published until 31 July 2023. RESULTS: A total of 93 publications that met the inclusion criteria were identified, providing individual data from 124 patients. Of these, 62 (50%) were treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal life support (va-ECLS), and 44 (35.5%) received a microaxial left ventricular assist device (Impella). Eighteen patients received an Impella CP and twenty-one an Impella 2.5. An intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) without other devices was used in only 13 patients (10.5%), while other devices (BiVAD or Tandem Heart) were used in 5 patients (4%). The median initial left ventricular ejection fraction was 20%, with no difference between the four device groups except for the IABP group, which was less affected by cardiac output failure (p = 0.015). The overall survival was 86.3%. Compared to the other groups, the time to cardiac recovery was shorter with Impella (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Though the Impella treatment is new, our analysis may show a significant benefit of Impella compared to other MCS strategies for cardiogenic shock in Takotsubo syndrome.

Local versus General Anaesthesia for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI): A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomised and Propensity-Score Matched Studies.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a common practice for severe aortic stenosis, but the choice between general (GA) and local anesthesia (LA) remains uncertain. We conducted a comprehensive literature review until April 2023, comparing the safety and efficacy of LA versus GA in TAVI procedures. Our findings indicate significant advantages of LA, including lower 30-day mortality rates (RR: 0.69; 95% CI [0.58, 0.82]; p < 0.001), shorter in-hospital stays (mean difference: -0.91 days; 95% CI [-1.63, -0.20]; p = 0.01), reduced bleeding/transfusion incidents (RR: 0.64; 95% CI [0.48, 0.85]; p < 0.01), and fewer respiratory complications (RR: 0.56; 95% CI [0.42, 0.76], p<0.01). Other operative outcomes were comparable. Our findings reinforce prior evidence, presenting a compelling case for LA's safety and efficacy. While patient preferences and clinical nuances must be considered, our study propels the discourse towards a more informed anaesthesia approach for TAVI procedures.

Successful treatment of cardiogenic shock due to Takotsubo syndrome with implantation of a temporary microaxial left ventricular assist device in transaxillary approach.

OBJECTIVES: Cardiogenic shock (CS) can occur in patients with Takotsubo syndrome (TTS). As TTS has received increasing attention and has been more closely researched, several aspects of the pathogenesis have been identified, particularly that an excessive release of catecholamines plays an important role. Nevertheless, evidence on specific therapy concepts is still lacking. As a result, TTS with severe hemodynamic instability and low cardiac output creates unique challenges, and mechanical circulatory support is needed with as few inotropic drugs as possible. METHODS: We present a 77-year-old female patient who underwent minimally invasive surgical mitral valve replacement. After an uneventful course, the patient developed acute heart failure eleven days after surgery. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed a new onset of TTS. The patient needed left ventricular venting and full haemodynamic flow. We successfully implanted a microaxial left ventricular assist device (Impella 5.5) using the transaxillary approach. The haemodynamic situation stabilised immediately. The patient was weaned and the Impella 5.5 was explanted after five days. CONCLUSION: We present the first-in-man implantation of a transaxillary Impella 5.5 in a patient with TTS. The patient benefitted from Impella 5.5 therapy with full haemodynamic support and venting of the left ventricle.

A multicentre survey of asthma-related quality-of-life and treatment in Egypt during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: Asthma is a common chronic noncommunicable disease which can impair the health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) of patients. Aims: To investigate treatment-related experiences and HRQOL of asthma patients in Egypt during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted from 21 July to 17 December 2020 in 3 teaching hospitals in Egypt among a convenience sample of asthma patients. We used socioeconomic and clinical variables, perceived threat level of COVID-19, experiences before and during COVID-19, the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ), and the mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (mini-AQLQ) to collect data. Results: Among the 200 respondents (66.0% male; mean age 40.2 years), 80.0% had uncontrolled asthma. The greatest impairment to HRQOL was due to limitation of activity. Females reported a higher level of perceived threat from COVID-19 (Chi squared = –2.33, P = 0.02). Before the pandemic, more patients visited the clinician when they had symptoms but did so more regularly during the pandemic. Over 75% could not differentiate between asthma and COVID-19 symptoms. Perceived uncontrolled asthma and poor compliance with treatment were significantly associated with impairment of HRQOL (P < 0.05) before COVID-19. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic improved some asthma-related health behaviours, but limitations in HRQOL were still evident. Uncontrolled asthma is a key factor for HRQOL and should remain a focus for all patients.

Investigating the Adsorption Behavior of Polyaniline and Its Clay Nanocomposite towards Ammonia Gas.

Air pollution and control of gaseous air pollutants are global concerns. Exposure to these gaseous contaminants causes several health risks, especially exposure to irritant gases such as ammonia (NH3). Furthermore, the application of smart polymeric nanocomposites in environmental applications has gained significant interest in recent years. In this study, aniline was polymerized without and with clay using a carbon dioxide (CO2)-assisted polymerization technique, yielding PANI and PANC samples, respectively. The samples were characterized using different methods, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Brunner Emmett Teller (BET). The synthesized nanomaterials were utilized as gas adsorbents using a fixed bed reactor to investigate their adsorption behavior towards NH3. Three inlet NH3 concentrations were tested (35-150 ppm). The results revealed that the adsorption capacities of PANC nanocomposites were higher than nanostructured PANI for the studied concentrations. The adsorption capacities were 61.34 mgNH3/gm for PANC and 73.63 mgNH3/gm for PANI at the same inlet concentration (35 ppm). The highest NH3 adsorption capacity recorded was 582.4 mg NH3/gm, for PANC. This study showed the impressive adsorption behavior of the prepared PANI and PANC nanomaterials towards NH3 gas. Consequently, nanostructured PANI and PANC can be promising adsorbents that can be utilized to control different gaseous air pollutants.

Novel aspartic-based bio-MOF adsorbent for effective anionic dye decontamination from polluted water.

In this study, a cost-effective powdered Zn l-aspartic acid bio-metal organic framework (Zn l-Asp bio-MOF) was reported as an efficient adsorbent for Direct Red 81 (DR-81) as an anionic organic dye. The prepared bio-MOF was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM), surface area analysis (BET), and thermal gravimetrical analysis (TGA). The resulting bio-MOF has a large surface area (180.43 m2 g-1) and large mesopore volume (0.144 cm3 g-1), as well as good chemical inertness and mechanical stability. The optimum dosage from the Zn l-Asp bio-MOF was 1.0 g L-1 at pH = 7 for 95.3% adsorption of 10 ppm DR-81 after 45 min. Thermodynamic analysis results demonstrated that the decontamination processes were done with spontaneous, thermodynamically, and exothermic nature onto the fabricated bio-MOF. Kinetic parameters were well-fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the adsorption process was described by the Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption data proved that Zn l-Asp bio-MOF is an effective adsorbent for DR-81 from aqueous solutions with high stability and recycling ability for eight cycles, as well as the easy regeneration of the sorbent.

Experimental Investigation of Fabricated Graphene Nanoplates/Polystyrene Nanofibrous Membrane for DCMD.

In recent decades, the fabrication of composite membranes using nanoparticles has played a vital role in membrane distillation (MD) technique. It could make available membranes with superior characteristics as excellent candidates for MD technique. The most well-known obstacles regarding the MD method are the low productivity and high cost. Thus, fabricating membranes with superior properties is a significant challenge. In the current study, a composite membrane has been fabricated using 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 weight percent (wt.%) of graphene nanoparticles (GNPs) with polystyrene (PS) as a base polymer and characterized using SEM, FTIR, and contact angle. The characterization results prove the successful fabrication using electrospinning and the validity of the fabricated membranes to be applied to direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). In addition, a DCMD experimental setup has been designed to examine the performance of the fabricated membranes and compare the performance of blank PS with composite PS/GNPs membranes. The results show that all fabricated membranes produced an approximately similar average flux of about 10 kg/m2 h, while the highest GNPs wt.% showed the highest salt rejection. Accordingly, this composite membrane has been examined at different operating parameters and showed stable performance. Moreover, feed temperature and the rate of flow have a positive impact on the overall performance of the DCMD.

Modeling and Simulation of Fabricated Graphene Nanoplates/Polystyrene Nanofibrous Membrane for DCMD.

Membrane distillation is an active technique that provides pure water with very good rejection and could be applied to water of extremely high salinity. The low productivity of membrane distillation needs intensive efforts to be competitive with other desalination techniques. In this current study, a composite (PS/GNP) membrane, which is composed of polystyrene (PS) based and 0.25% weight percent graphene nanoplates (GNP) has been fabricated via electrospinning and compared with the blank PS membrane. SEM, FTIR, contact angle and porosity characterization have been performed, and the results show that the validity of the predefined conditions, and the contact angle of the composite membrane, which is found to be 91.68°, proved the hydrophobic nature of the composite membrane. A numerical simulation using Ansys 2020 software has been introduced to study the performance of the fabricated composite membrane when used in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). The numerical model has been validated with experimental work from the literature and showed an excellent match. The blank PS and composite PS/GNP membranes have been investigated and compared at different operating conditions, i.e., hot water supply temperature and system flow rate. The results show that the composite PS/GNP membrane outperforms the blank PS membrane at all studied operating conditions.

The CO2 photoconversion over reduced graphene oxide based on Ag/TiO2 photocatalyst in an advanced meso-scale continuous-flow photochemical reactor.

This study aims at examining the use of an advanced meso-scale continuous-flow photochemical reactor for the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 with water into fuel over TiO2 (P25), Ag/TiO2, and Ag/TiO2/RGO catalysts. The silver loaded photocatalysts were prepared by one-step process via hydrothermal method. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by various characterization techniques in order to identify the morphological, chemical, physical, and optical properties. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared catalysts was firstly examined by the photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements and secondly by the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 in the proposed setup. Liquid products were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and total organic carbon (TOC) techniques. It was found that the ternary composite revealed an outstanding performance towards CO2 photocatalytic reduction, where its selectivity was directed towards methanol production. The incorporation of graphene nanosheets enhanced the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 by 3.3 and 9.4 times compared with Ag/TiO2 and bare TiO2, respectively, using the proposed photochemical reactor in a continuous mode. This study sheds the light on a novel type of a photocatalytic reactor where CO2 conversion over Ag/TiO2/RGO ternary composite was evaluated. A meso-scale continuous-flow photochemical reactor.

Numerical Investigation of Fabricated MWCNTs/Polystyrene Nanofibrous Membrane for DCMD.

The effect of compositing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) to fabricate nanofibrous membrane by electrospinning technique and comparing the direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) performance of the blank and composite membranes is evaluated numerically. Surface morphology of both the pristine and the composite membrane was studied by SEM imaging while the average fiber diameter and average pore size were measured using ImageJ software. Static water contact angle and porosities were also determined for both membranes. Results showed significant enhancement in both the hydrophobicity and porosity of the composite membrane by increasing the static water contact angle from 145.4° for the pristine PS membrane to 155° for the PS/MWCNTs composite membrane while the porosity was increased by 28%. Simulation results showed that at any given feed inlet temperature, the PS/MWCNTs membrane have higher permeate flux and better overall system performance.

Performance Evaluation and Kinetic Analysis of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor in Wastewater Treatment.

The objectives of the current study are to assess and compare the performance of a developed photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR) in treating industrial waste (e.g., organic dye waste) against membrane distillation. The current PMR is composed of a feed tank, which is a continuous stirred photocatalytic reactor containing slurry Titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles that are activated by using ultraviolet lamp irradiation at a wavelength of 365 nm, and a poly-vinylidene flouride (PVDF) membrane cell. The experimental setup was designed in a flexible way to enable both separate and integrated investigations of the photocatalytic reactor and the membrane, separately and simultaneously. The experimental work was divided into two phases. Firstly, the PVDF membrane was fabricated and characterized to examine its morphology, surface charge, and hydrophobicity by using a scanning electron microscope, surface zeta potential, and contact angle tests, respectively. Secondly, the effects of using different concentrations of the TiO2 photocatalyst and feed (e.g., dye concentration) were examined. It is found that the PMR can achieve almost 100% dye removal and pure permeate is obtained at certain conditions. Additionally, a kinetic analysis was performed and revealed that the photocatalytic degradation of dye follows a pseudo-first-order reaction.

Comparison between a Conventional Anti-Biofouling Compound and a Novel Modified Low-Fouling Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membrane: Bacterial Anti-Attachment, Water Quality and Productivity.

In this work, the efficiency of a conventional chlorination pretreatment is compared with a novel modified low-fouling polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration (UF) membrane, in terms of bacteria attachment and membrane biofouling reduction. This study highlights the use of membrane modification as an effective strategy to reduce bacterial attachment, which is the initial step of biofilm formation, rather than using antimicrobial agents that can enhance bacterial regrowth. The obtained results revealed that the filtration of pretreated, inoculated seawater using the modified PES UF membrane without the pre-chlorination step maintained the highest initial flux (3.27 ± 0.13 m3·m-2·h-1) in the membrane, as well as having one and a half times higher water productivity than the unmodified membrane. The highest removal of bacterial cells was achieved by the modified membrane without chlorination, in which about 12.07 × 104 and 8.9 × 104 colony-forming unit (CFU) m-2 bacterial cells were retained on the unmodified and modified membrane surfaces, respectively, while 29.4 × 106 and 0.42 × 106 CFU mL-1 reached the filtrate for the unmodified and modified membranes, respectively. The use of chlorine disinfectant resulted in significant bacterial regrowth.

Triple-Layer Nanocomposite Membrane Prepared by Electrospinning Based on Modified PES with Carbon Nanotubes for Membrane Distillation Applications.

In this work, a novel triple-layer nanocomposite membrane prepared with polyethersulfone (PES)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the primary bulk material and poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene) (PcH)/CNTs as the outer and inner surfaces of the membrane by using electrospinning method is introduced. Modified PES with CNTs was chosen as the bulk material of the triple-layer membrane to obtain a high porosity membrane. Both the upper and lower surfaces of the triple-layer membrane were coated with PcH/CNTs using electrospinning to get a triple-layer membrane with high total porosity and noticeable surface hydrophobicity. Combining both characteristics, next to an acceptable bulk hydrophobicity, resulted in a compelling membrane for membrane distillation (MD) applications. The prepared membrane was utilized in a direct contact MD system, and its performance was evaluated in different salt solution concentrations, feed velocities and feed solution temperatures. The results of the prepared membrane in this study were compared to those reported in previously published papers. Based on the evaluated membrane performance, the triple-layer nanocomposite membrane can be considered as a potential alternative with reasonable cost, relative to other MD membranes.

Resting and recruitable endothelial function - Evidence of two distinct circadian patterns.

BACKGROUND: Evidence of a circadian rhythm in endothelium-dependent vasomotor function, with a nadir in Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD) in the early morning hours, has been previously reported. These changes have been proposed to be one of the mechanisms explaining the circadian pattern in the incidence of cardiovascular events. We set out to investigate the circadian rhythm of FMD, low-flow mediated dilation (L-FMC) and sympathetic vascular tone. METHODS AND RESULTS: 10 young healthy male volunteers (mean age, 28.9±3.7 years) underwent measurements of radial artery endothelium-dependent FMD and L-FMC at 8AM, 2PM and 8PM on the same day. Sympathetic vascular tone was assessed with laser Doppler and Fourier transform analysis. Compared with 2PM and 8PM, FMD decreased markedly in the early morning (2.9±3.4%; 6.2±2.9%; 6.0±4.0%; P = 0.007). In contrast, L-FMC was maximal at 8AM, decreased significantly at 2PM, and returned to higher values at 8PM (-5.1±1.3%; -2.7±2.0%; -4.6±2.2%; P = 0.030), such that the composite endpoint of endothelial function (sum of FMD+L-FMC) was not significantly different among timepoints. Vascular sympathetic tone was maximal early in the morning and lowest in the evening (P = 0.014) without a correlation with the changes in FMD or L-FMC. CONCLUSIONS: Endothelial responsiveness (FMD) and basal tone (L-FMC) appear to follow different circadian rhythms, with an impaired responsiveness in the early morning and a nadir in baseline tone in the early afternoon.

Metal Organic Framework Based Polymer Mixed Matrix Membranes: Review on Applications in Water Purification.

Polymeric membranes have been widely employed for water purification applications. However, the trade-off issue between the selectivity and permeability has limited its use in various applications. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were introduced to overcome this limitation and to enhance the properties and performance of polymeric membranes by incorporation of fillers such as silica and zeolites. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new class of hybrid inorganic-organic materials that are introduced as novel fillers for incorporation in polymeric matrix to form composite membranes for different applications especially water desalination. A major advantage of MOFs over other inorganic fillers is the possibility of preparing different structures with different pore sizes and functionalities, which are designed especially for a targeted application. Different MMMs fabrication techniques have also been investigated to fabricate MMMs with pronounced properties for a specific application. Synthesis techniques include blending, layer-by-layer (LBL), gelatin-assisted seed growth and in situ growth that proved to give the most homogenous dispersion of MOFs within the organic matrix. It was found that the ideal filler loading of MOFs in different polymeric matrices is 10%, increasing the filler loading beyond this value led to formation of aggregates that significantly decreased the MOFs-MMMs performance. Despite the many merits of MOFs-MMMs, the main challenge facing the upscaling and wide commercial application of MOFs-MMMs is the difficult synthesis conditions of the MOFs itself and the stability and sustainability of MOFs-MMMs performance. Investigation of new MOFs and MOFs-MMMs synthesis techniques should be carried out for further industrial applications. Among these new synthesis methods, green MOFs synthesis has been highlighted as low cost, renewable, environmentally friendly and recyclable starting materials for MOFs-MMMs. This paper will focus on the investigation of the effect of different recently introduced MOFs on the performance of MOFs-MMMs in water purification applications.

Comparable investigation of polyaniline behavior towards gaseous ammonia and toluene adsorption.

With raising awareness of gaseous air pollutants and their harmful impact, adsorption is considered one of the most prominent techniques for gaseous emissions control. The usage of polyaniline as a gas adsorbent is an innovative idea. This work aims to compare the efficacy of synthesized polyaniline nanotubes (PANT) as a novel adsorbent towards inorganic gases (ammonia NH3) and volatile organic compounds (toluene vapor). PANT was prepared via a sol-gel preparation technique. The molecular structure of prepared PANT was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphological structure was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The PANT adsorbent surface area was determined using Brunner Emmett Teller (BET). Dynamic behavior of simulated feed gas mixture of NH3 and toluene in air were examined using a fixed bed adsorption arrangement. The same adsorption conditions (inlet concentration, gas mixture feed flow rate, and a fixed amount of adsorbent) were applied for both NH3 and toluene adsorption test. The NH3 and toluene removal efficiencies were 100% and 96% respectively. Consequently, PANT is an auspicious adsorbent that can be utilized to control the indoor and outdoor gaseous air emissions. Graphical Abstracts ᅟ.

Release of antioxidant peptides from buffalo and bovine caseins: Influence of proteases on antioxidant capacities.

Antioxidant casein hydrolysates were produced from buffalo casein (CB) and bovine casein (CN) using alcalase, trypsin, pepsin, or papain. The highest degree of hydrolysis (molecular weights <3.5 kDa) were observed in CN (87.28%) and CB (83.90%) using alcalase, and the next highest was using trypsin (65.84% and 63.42%, respectively). In comparison with bovine casein hydrolysates (CNH), buffalo casein hydrolysates (CBH) contained more hydrophobic amino acids when pepsin was used, followed by trypsin, alcalase and papain. Hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, superoxide scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity and Fe3+ reducing power for alcalase-CBH and trypsin-CNH were 81.16% and 84.55%, 66.84% and 70.30%, 2.45 and 2.23 mM BHA, and 140.73 and 136.59 µM Fe2+/mg protein, respectively. With the exception of papain hydrolysates, all hydrolysates (1 mg protein) exhibited protection against plasmid DNA nicking. Thus, alcalase-CBH and trypsin-CNH could offer beneficial antioxidant properties in functional foods and pharmaceuticals.