[Subantral augmentation with porous titanium in experiment and clinic].

The article discusses the use of porous titanium for subantral augmentation. Experimental study was conducted on 12 yearling rams. Subantral augmentation using porous titanium was performed in 33 patients. In the control group consisting of 14 patients calcium phosphates and bone collagen based agents ("Bio-Оss" and "Collost") were used. In the main and control groups 46 and 32 implant were placed, respectively. Pilot histological and clinical studies proved that the granules of porous titanium are biocompatible with bone tissue, provide the optimal surface microrelief, thus creating good conditions for adhesion, expansion and migration of osteoforming cells, have negligible kinetics of resorption, are porous to ensure effective neovascularization of de novo formed bone tissue. Porous titanium is an effective alternative material for subantral bone augmentation for dental implantation and reconstructive operations on the maxillary sinus.

Regional specifics of microbial landscape in outpatients with lower respiratory tract infections.

BACKGROUND: The last years have witnessed progressive growth of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) both in hospital-acquired and community-acquired respiratory infections. Regional guidelines (2006) presented standard approaches to pharmacotherapy and provided an important contribution to improvement of antimicrobial therapy at healthcare facilities of both the City of Stavropol and the Stavropol Region. At the same time, recent years have witnessed substantial changes in sensitivity to antimicrobials; besides, newer antibiotics have become available now. This substantiates the need for update of the regional guidelines [1]. OBJECTIVE: To determine the issues related to standardization of antibiotic therapy of lower respiratory tract (LRT) infections at an outpatient setting; to assess regional changes (2007-2012) in the spectrum of pathogens causing LRT diseases in patients of the regional healthcare facilities in view of their age and the diagnosis as compared with the years of 2003-2006. METHODS: In 2007-2012, we examined sputum microbiology of patients with LRT infections at the bacteriological laboratory of the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy (Stavropol, Russia), following the methodology guidelines [2]. The comparison was carried out with the results of the microbiological examination of 7051 sputum samples (held in 2003-2006). Statistical analysis was carried out using arithmetic means, standard errors, and Student's t test involving a software package STATISTICA 6.0. RESULTS: In the outpatient practice, half of the patients with LRT infections were identified to have Str. Pneumoniae. The sputum of every fifth examined patient allowed isolating Enterobacteriaceae family members such as Klebsiella spp. (Klebsiella pneumoniae in most cases), Serratiaspp., E. coli, and Enterobacter spp. It is essential to note that almost a quarter of the patients were found to have M. pneumoniae. C. Pneumonia was detected quite often as well (19%). Str. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae, and C. pneumoniae were found in virtually 80% of all the cases of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. H. influenzae and M. pneumoniae were 2-3 times more often isolated from the sputum of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic non-obstructive bronchitis.Along with an increase in the patients' age, regardless of the diagnosis, the proportion of pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae and various members of the Enterobacteriaceae family went up, while the share of mycoplasmas went down. However, even in patients over 60 years of age M. pneumoniae accounted for a significant share in the overall spectrum of pathogens, which indicates the need for microbiological monitoring, especially as far as COPD is concerned.In contrast to the previous years, only 35% of the patients (previously 60%) underwent bacteriological examination (p<0.05) while receiving antibiotic therapy. Significant prevalence of mycoplasmas in the structure of the isolated microorganisms was found in patients who had been previously treated with ß-lactam antibiotics.Associations of pathogens were detected in 14% of cases, which is half the rate found 2-3 years ago. The associations were found to reveal more frequent presence of H. influenzae in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic non-obstructive bronchitis, and Enterobacteriaceae - in patients with COPD and pneumonia. The recent years have shown that, combined with other microorganisms, there can be detected pneumococci (p<0.05), H. influenzae, as well M. pneumoniae, while there have been fewer cases of enterococci and enterobacteria; as for non-filterable bacteria, they have been never detected again (p<0.05).Strains of H. influenzae maintained high sensitivity to aminopenicillins, including the protected ones. The antibiotic resistance possessed by Str. pneumoniae to aminopenicillins doubled (12.4% strains vs. 6.4% 3 years ago, p<0.05). The resistance to Co-trimoxazole and Ofloxacin was 27.9% and to macrolides it was 17.9%. Various representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae family maintained high sensitivity to aminopenicillins, second and third generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones.Of the 20 M. pneumoniae strains that were tested, 8 (40%) displayed resistance to one or more antimicrobials. The highest numbers of cases with resistance were detected to Ciprofloxacin (25%) and Erythromycin (20%). 10% strains of mycoplasma showed resistance to Doxycycline and Ofloxacin, while only 5% of mycoplasmas were identified as having non-sensitivity to Clarithromycin and Azithromycin. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the research carried out in the recent years in comparison with the data of the previous years, call for reviewing of the standard approaches to the choice of antimicrobial agents in respiratory tract infections. In order to improve the standard of care, the choice of medicines should be based on a number of factors, namely the age, the severity of the respective pathological condition, previous antimicrobial use, and the level of care.

[Microflora of palatine tonsils in chronic tonsillitis].

The objective of the present work was to develop the standardized approaches to pharmacotherapy of chronic tonsillitis based on the data of regional specificity of the tonsillar microflora. The methods of investigations included the study of throat swabs obtained from 668 patients presenting with various forms of chronic tonsillitis (CT). Half of these patients were shown to be infected with Streptococcus pyogenes and 24.5% with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The presence of concomitant pathology of the respiratory and digestive tracts in the patients with CT increases the probability of identification of enterobacteria, enteroccocci, and staphylococci in combination with streptococci and mycoplasmas. It is concluded that the choice of antibacterial therapy should be based on the results of analysis of the aggravated medical history and bacteriological diagnostics including the isolation of all putative pathogens and examination of their susceptinility to antibacterial agents.

Relationship between the striatal regulation of the temporal organization of behavior and the state of beta-adrenergic mechanisms.

Bilateral damage to the corpus striatum in rats was accompanied by changes in the rhythmic structure of swimming and the dynamics of daily movement activity. Dorsal, but not ventral striatectomy, reversed the effects of the beta-adrenoblocker propranolol on the temporal organization of behavior in the animals. It is likely that the dorsal striatum is extensively dependent on the state of beta-adrenergic innervation.

[The dependence of striatal control over the temporal organization of behavior on the function of beta-adrenergic mechanisms]. / Zavisimost' striatnogo kontrolia vremennói organizatsii povedeniia ot sostoianiia beta-adrenergicheskikh mekhanizmov.

Bilateral striatectomy disorganized the rhythmical structure of forced swimming and circadian motility of rats. Destruction of dorsal but not ventral striatum eliminated the effect of beta-adrenoblocker propranolol on temporal organization of behaviour. The results suggest that just the dorsal striatum is mainly subjected to adrenergic control.

[Epiphyseal interrelations with the striatum in the haloperidol-induced catalepsy model]. / O vzaimootnosheniiakh épifiza so striatumom na modeli galoperidolovoi katalepsii.

Removal of the rat pineal gland entailed an attenuation of haloperidol-induced catalepsy and readjustment of its time-course. This may depend on either direct of indirect effects of the pineal factors, mostly in the ventral portion of the striatum whose hyperactivity determines the main parameters of the neuroleptic effect.

[The effect of striatal stimulation and damage in rats on the dynamics of circadian mobility]. / Vliianie stimuliatsii i povrezhdeniia striatuma u krys na dinamiku tsirkadiannoi podvizhnosti.

Prolonged and repeated low-frequency stimulation (2 imp/s, 20-30 min, 3-4 times) of the striatum disorganized rat's circadian motility. Attenuation of amplitude rhythm and shift of its acrophase to early night hours were observed. Bilateral striatectomy increased the motor activity after light switching-off and rhythm splitting to ultradian components. It is suggested that the striatum as a secondary oscillatory messenger may participate in motor maintenance of circadian motility.

[Temporal dynamics of forced swimming in rats as an adequate criterion for assessing the specific effects of antidepressants]. / Vremennáia dinamika prinuditel'nogo plavaniia krys kak adekvatnyi kriterii otsenki spetsificheskoi aktivnosti antidepressantov.

Rats with different rhythmical structure of forced swimming had different susceptibility to antidepressant drugs. The drugs equally changed only the rhythmical index of depression but not other swimming parameters in sensible animals. As suggested, the assessment of swimming time-course can be used for antidepressant screening and preliminary selection of drug-resistant animals.

[The temporal dynamics of swimming in rats as a possible index of the circadian mobility of the animals]. / Vremennáia dinamika plavaniia krys kak vozmozhnyi pokazatel' tsirkadiannoi podvizhnosti zhivotnykh.

By the time course of forced swimming all rats may be separated in several groups with typical patterns of circadian motility. In case when active swimming movements and reduced immobility predominated, invert type of daily chronogram with low activity at the night hours and high sensitivity to chronic imipramine treatment were observed. Considerable immobility correlates with clear circadian rhythm and weak response to antidepressant. It is suggested that rhythmical pattern of the forced swimming may be used as predicator of circadian motility type.

[The effect of amitriptyline on the reorganization of the temporal dynamics of forced swimming in rats during stimulation and exclusion of the corpus striatum]. / Vliianie amitriptilina na perestroiku vremennói dinamiki prinuditel'nogo plavaniia krys pri stimuliatsii i vykliuchenii polosatogo tela.

Amitriptyline (10 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks) produces reorganization of the rhythmic structure of forced swimming in rats with a decrease of the rhythmical index of depression. The antidepressant attenuates also steady behavioral shifts and the associated depression in the animals' behavior after discontinuation of prolonged electrostimulation of the striatal body. The electrolytic damage of the striatal body disorganizes temporary dynamics of swimming and these shifts are enhanced by the antidepressant. It is supposed that the specific action of amitriptyline depends on modification of pacemaker striatal function.

[A biorhythmologic approach to evaluating forced swimming as an experimental model of a "depressive" state]. / Bioritmologicheskii podkhod k otsenke prinuditel'nogo plavaniia kak éksperimental'noi modeli "depressivnogo" sostoianiia.

Rhythmical structure of forced swimming was studied on rats. Reserpine (1 mg/kg, 24 h before testing), clonidine (150 mkg/kg) and prolonged repeated striatal stimulation induced behavioural depression with reorganization of swimming rhythm and increase of short cycles (less than 6 s) of immobility. After chronic administration of antidepressants (imipramine, amitriptyline, niamid, 10 mg/kg/day, during 14 days), on the contrary, the number of these cycles diminished, while the number of active swimming cycles increased. Chrono-biological "index of depression" is suggested to express more exactly behavioural depression and specific activity of antidepressants than usual registration of immobility time.

[The striatum and the organization of forced swimming in rats]. / Striatum i organizatsiia prinuditel'nogo plavaniia u krys.

Prolonged repeated electric stimulation of rats striatum causes stable behavioural depression and reorganization of temporal dynamics of forced swimming. Simultaneously increases the depression index offered by us as ratio of the number of immobilization cycles shorter than 6 s to the total number of active swimming cycles. Striatectomy and amphetamine administration (1 mg/kg) uniformly change the rhythmic structure of swimming with an increase of animals general motor activity without change of the depression index. It is suggested to use striatal inactivation as a model of depression state.

[Effect of destruction of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei on the dynamics of swimming and haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats]. / Vliianie razrusheniia suprakhiazmaticheskikh iader gipotalamusa na dinamiku plavaniia i galoperidolovoi katalepsii u krys.

After bilateral destruction of suprachiasmatic nuclei, with adjacent hypothalamic structures remaining intact, the number of rest-activity cycles during forced swimming as well as short waves with 2-4-min periodicity in haloperidol catalepsy, were increased in rats. The circadian rhythm became disorganized. Suprachiasmatic nuclei seem to be able to delay and synchronize the fluctuations with short periods in motor activity.

[Rhythmic organization of compulsory swimming and its relation to the behavioral characteristics of rats]. / Ritmicheskaia organizatsiia prinuditel'nogo plavaniia i ee sviaz' s osobennostiami povedeniia krys.

Seconds' biorhythms manifesting themselves during protracted swimming were studied in 52 white outbred rats of both sexes. In rats with higher rhythm frequency short immobilization periods dominated in swimming. They had shorter immobilization time. These rats relearned easier the direction of avoidance reaction in Y-maze, were more mobile in the open field, more often washed up, more rarely defecated and urinated. The seconds' rhythms may be used for evaluation of the ability of animals for adaptation to changing behavioural situation.