ABSTRACT
To combat post-surgical and traumatic bleeding conditions effective hemostasis is of great importance. The study was designed to investigate the effect of thrombin (Th) loading on hemostatic performance of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCN)-silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds. Addition of SF with TOCN significantly (***P < 0.001) increased blood absorption capacity and improved biocompatibility of TOCN. Thrombin loading potentiated platelet activation and hemostatic property of scaffolds (TOCN-SF-Th) compared to samples without thrombin (TOCN-SF). The hemostatic time of TOCN-SF5-Th in rabbit ear artery bleeding model was reduced (*** P < 0.001) to 114 s from 220 s of TOCN-SF5. Reduction in bleeding time and blood loss of TOCN-SF5-Th in rat tail amputation and liver avulsion model was comparable to commercial hemostat (Floseal). Surface morphology (SEM) of samples applied on bleeding site showed that RBCs and fibrin fiber could strongly interact with TOCN-SF and TOCN-SF-Th scaffolds. The result suggests that TOCN-SF-Th can be a promising candidate for designing hemostatic agents.
Subject(s)
Fibroins/chemistry , Nanofibers/chemistry , Thrombin/chemistry , Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry , Animals , Cell Line , Cell Proliferation , Cellulose, Oxidized/chemistry , Hemorrhage/drug therapy , Hemostatics , Male , Mice , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Nanofibers/therapeutic use , Platelet Activation/drug effects , Rabbits , RatsABSTRACT
Lethal bleeding due to street accidents, natural calamities, orthopedic/dental surgeries, organ transplantation and household injuries, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. In the current study, zinc oxide (ZnO) was incorporated in TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCN) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer system for hemorrhage control by freeze drying method. SEM and XRD data showed the presence of ZnO in the porous structure. FT-IR analysis showed that, successful conjugation occurs among the TOCN and PEG. The results revealed that, the incorporation of ZnO and higher concentrations of PEG increased the degradability but decreased swelling of the scaffolds. The increase in PEG content and ZnO incorporation significantly decreased the bleeding time in rabbit ear arterial bleeding model. Further, the incorporation of ZnO enhanced the antibacterial property of TOCN-PEG. The results suggested that excellent hemostatic and mechanical properties of the TOCN-5% PEG-ZnO might contribute in controlling bleeding and reducing post traumatic dermal bacterial infection.
Subject(s)
Cellulose/pharmacology , Cyclic N-Oxides/pharmacology , Hemorrhage/pathology , Hemostatics/pharmacology , Nanofibers/chemistry , Zinc Oxide/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Cell Adhesion/drug effects , Cell Line , Cellulose/chemical synthesis , Cellulose/chemistry , Cyclic N-Oxides/chemical synthesis , Cyclic N-Oxides/chemistry , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Erythrocytes/ultrastructure , Fibroblasts/cytology , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Mice , Nanofibers/ultrastructure , Polyethylene Glycols/chemical synthesis , Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry , Porosity , Rabbits , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , X-Ray Diffraction , Zinc Oxide/chemical synthesis , Zinc Oxide/chemistryABSTRACT
In this study, a novel TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCN)-silk fibroin scaffold was prepared using a cost effective freeze drying method. Fundamental physical characterizations were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), pore diameter determination, FT-IR. PBS uptake behavior of the scaffold showed that, silk fibroin can enhance the swelling capacity of TOCN. L929 primary fibroblast cell was selected for in vitro studies, which showed that the scaffolds facilitated growth of cells. In vivo evaluation of TOCN, TOCN-silk fibroin composites was examined using critical sized rat skin excisional model for one and two weeks. The results of rat wound model revealed that, compared to only TOCN scaffold, TOCN-silk fibroin scaffold successfully promoted wound healing by the expression of wound healing markers. TOCN-silk fibroin 2% has the fastest wound healing capacity. Thus, it appears that TOCN-silk fibroin composite scaffolds can be useful as wound healing material in clinical applications.