An Outbreak of Arboviral Infection in a Region with Background Malaria Endemicity from Northwestern Nigeria: An Investigation Report.

INTRODUCTION: Arboviruses are a group of infectious agents transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods from one vertebrate host to another. The agents include Dengue fever and West Nile Virus, amongst others. However, Dengue fever is now the world's fastest-spreading tropical disease, with the annual number of cases increasing 30-fold in the last 50 years. Cases of an unknown febrile illness were reported in Sokoto, northwestern Nigeria, in the last quarter of 2016. We investigated to verify the existence of the outbreak and described the socio-demographic characteristics and management outcome of the cases seen. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional study and an analytical case control study. For the descriptive study, we defined suspected and confirmed cases of outbreak using established protocol. Cases were identified using stimulated passive and active surveillance. For each suspected case, we collected information on age, sex, residence and time of onset. We described the outbreak by time, place and person. Blood specimens were collected and submitted to the reference laboratory for detection of viral agents. We conducted a case-control study with 185 cases and 370 controls. Information on the socio-demographics and risk factors for arboviral infection and malaria among the cases and controls was collected. RESULTS: The outbreak of febrile illness in Sokoto started on the 3rd of October, 2016. A total 1477 cases were line listed (3rd Oct-11th November 2016) and 16 deaths (case fatality rate: 1.1% reported). The most affected areas were urban slums in two urban Local Government Areas (LGA) - Sokoto North and Sokoto South. Laboratory analysis revealed Dengue, West Nile and Malaria in increasing order from the representative samples. There were 57 (43.2%) respondents in the age-group 21-30 among the cases, while 99 (53.5%) of them were males. Cases living in a bushy neighborhood (OR=1.6, 95% CI=1.1-2.4), keeping waste bins in their houses (OR=1.5, 95% CI=1.0-2.1), having uncovered well or uncovered water containers (OR=3.6, 95% CI=2.1- 6.0) were more likely to develop arboviral infection or malaria compared to controls. Having window nets (OR=0.3, 95% CI=0.2-0.5) was found to be a protective factor against arboviral infection or malaria among the cases. CONCLUSIONS: The outbreak of febrile illness in Sokoto was linked to arboviral agents (Dengue virus and West Nile virus) in a malaria-endemic zone. We draw attention to the fact that arboviral infections can coexist with malaria in our region especially in an outbreak setting.

INTRODUCTION: Les arbovirus sont un groupe d'agents infectieux transmis par des arthropodes hématophages d'un hôte vertébré à un autre. Ces agents comprennent, entre autres, la fièvre de la Dengue et le virus du Nil occidental. Cependant, la dengue est aujourd'hui la maladie tropicale qui se propage le plus rapidement dans le monde, le nombre annuel de cas ayant été multiplié par 30 au cours des 50 dernières années. Des cas d'une maladie fébrile inconnue ont été signalés à Sokoto, dans le nord-ouest du Nigeria, au cours du dernier trimestre 2016. Nous avons enquêté pour vérifier l'existence de cette épidémie et décrit les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et le résultat de la prise en charge des cas vus. MÉTHODES: Nous avons mené une étude descriptive, transversale et une étude analytique cas-témoins. Pour l'étude descriptive, nous avons défini les cas suspects et confirmés d'épidémie en utilisant le protocole établi. Les cas ont été identifiés en utilisant une surveillance passive et active stimulée. Pour chaque cas suspect, nous avons recueilli des informations sur l'âge, le sexe, le lieu de résidence et le moment de l'apparition des symptômes. Nous avons décrit l'épidémie par temps, lieu et personne. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés et soumis au laboratoire de référence pour la détection des agents viraux. Nous avons mené une étude cas-témoins avec 185 cas et 370 témoins. Des informations sur les données sociodémographiques et les facteurs de risque d'infection par les arbovirus et le paludisme ont été recueillies parmi les cas et les témoins. RÉSULTATS: L'épidémie de maladie fébrile à Sokoto a commencé le 3 octobre 2016. Au total, 1477 cas ont été répertoriés (du 3 octobre au 11 novembre 2016) et 16 décès (taux de létalité : 1,1% rapporté). Les zones les plus touchées étaient les bidonvilles urbains dans deux zones urbaines de gouvernement local (LGA) - Sokoto Nord et Sokoto Sud. Les analyses de laboratoire ont révélé la présence de la dengue, du virus du Nil occidental et du paludisme par ordre croissant dans les échantillons représentatifs. Parmi les cas, 57 (43,2 %) étaient âgés de 21 à 30 ans, tandis que 99 (53,5 %) d'entre eux étaient des hommes. Les cas vivant dans un quartier broussailleux (OR=1,6, IC 95%=1,1-2,4), gardant des poubelles dans leurs maisons (OR=1,5, IC 95%=1,0-2,1), ayant un puits non couvert ou des récipients d'eau non couverts (OR=3,6, IC 95%=2,1- 6,0) étaient plus susceptibles de développer une infection arbovirale ou le paludisme par rapport aux témoins. Le fait de posséder des moustiquaires de fenêtre (OR=0,3, IC 95 %=0,2-0,5) s'est avéré être un facteur de protection contre l'infection à arbovirus ou le paludisme chez les cas. CONCLUSIONS: L'épidémie de maladie fébrile à Sokoto a été liée à des agents arboviraux (virus de la dengue et virus du Nil occidental) dans une zone où le paludisme est endémique. Nous attirons l'attention sur le fait que les infections arbovirales peuvent coexister avec le paludisme dans notre région, en particulier dans le cadre d'une épidémie. MOTS-CLÉS: Fièvre, Paludisme, Arbovirus, Epidémie.

Risk Factors and Bacterial Profile of Suspected Neonatal Septicaemia at a Teaching Hospital in Kano; Northwestern; Nigeria

Neonatal septicaemia is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries and a major health concern. The aim of this study is to evaluate the bacterial profile; antibiotics susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors of suspected septicaemia in neonates in this locality. Five hundred and forty seven consecutive blood samples from neonates admitted in the special baby care unit (SCBU); Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH); Kano between January 2007 and December 2008 were cultured aerobically and anaerobically in the Microbiology Department; Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital by standard bacteriological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was done by disc diffusion methods. One hundred and fifty two (27.8) positive blood cultures were obtained from the present study. The most frequently isolated organism was Staphylococcus aureus (25.0) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.1) and Escherichia coli (15.0). Gentamicin; ofloxacin; ceftriaxone and amoxycillin/clavulanate showed higher percentage antibiotic sensitivity pattern while chloramphenicol; cotrimoxazole and ampicillin showed very low percentage antibiotic sensitivity pattern against the various bacterial isolates. The present study showed that Staphylococcus aureus is the leading isolate in neonatal septicaemia in Kano. Gentamicin and Ceftriaxone are recommended as first line drugs in the management of neonatal septicaemia in our locality

Contraceptive knowledge, attitudes and practice among married women in Samaru community, Zaria, Nigeria.

Contraceptive use and fertility rates vary substantially among developing countries. In some sub-Saharan African countries, fewer than 10% of married women use contraception. Despite all efforts by governments to ensure availability of the products, prevalence has remained low. We conducted a community-based study to examine contraceptive knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning among married women in Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to study 200 women in Samaru community of Zaria, Nigeria. Mean age of the respondents was 30.6 +/- 1.5 years. In this study contraceptive prevalence was 12.5% and respondents had a positive attitude towards family planning. Thirty years after Alma Ata of which one of the components is to ensure maternal and child health (MCH) and family planning, contraceptive use in most of the communities in Northern Nigeria is low. There is urgent need to step-up public awareness campaigns on family planning to ensure wide spread acceptability and utilization among women within reproductive age group.

Evaluation of Occupational Health Services and Hazards in a Car Assembly Plant in Kaduna; Nigeria

Background: The provision of occupational health services in most industries of the developing world has been very rudimentary. Various factors have been adduced to be responsible for this, none availability of protective devices, non-compliance by workers and managerial problems among others. Therefore this study was conducted to evaluate occupational hazards and the provision of occupational health services at Peugeot Automobile Nigeria (PAN), Kaduna.Aim: To assess the extent of occupational hazards and the occupational health services provided by the industry (PAN). Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study in which cluster sampling technique was used to sample respondents. Structured, interviewer administered questionnaires with close ended questions were used to collect data.Results: One hundred and ten respondents participated in the study with a mean age of 32.7±2.8 years. Use of protective devices by respondents was: boots 96.3%, hand gloves 100%, and ear plugs 58% respectively. Pattern of occupational hazards were: exposure to chemical fumes 6.4%, noise pollution 40.9%, and chemical burns 9.1% respectively. Conclusion: Occupational hazards and injuries among PAN workers are a frequent occurrence. There is need for sustained public awareness campaigns among the workers and management on the importance of occupational safety to guide against injuries/ accidents at work sites and compliance to the use of protective devices. It is also recommended that the Inspectorate Division of Federal Ministry of Industries should pay periodic monitoring visits to industries in order to ensure a conducive and a safe working environment and also with the facility Act and related laws so as to curtail the rate of accidents and injures in Nigerian industries

Marijuana smoking among secondary school students in Zaria, Nigeria: factors responsible and effects on academic performance.

BACKGROUND: The use of Marijuana is on the increase worldwide especially among adolescents and youths. Marijuana smoking has gained a foothold in our environment because of peer group influence, accessibility and availability. Its medico-social effects could ruin the life and future of our youths. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and the factors that influence secondary school students in Zaria LGA to smoke and the effects on academic performance. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was employed to generate data among secondary school students. A multi-stage sampling technique was used. Data was collected with the use of a structured, pre tested self-administered questionnaire. F2 test was used to test for significance of association between categorical variables. RESULTS: Of the 350 respondents, 262 (74.9%) were males, while 88 (25.1%) were females. The study shows that 33 of the students smoke marijuana giving a prevalence of 9.4%. There were more smokers in the age group 15-19 years (54.6%). Other factors that influence marijuana smoking include family background, peer pressure and attendance of social functions. There was better academic performance (51.1%) among non smokers as compared to smokers (27.2%), and this was found to be statistically significant (chi2 = 11.73, df = 5, P < .05) There was also statistically significant association between age and marijuana smoking (chi2 = 24, df = 2, P < .05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of marijuana smoking is high. Age, family background, peer pressure and attendance of social function influence marijuana smoking. A comprehensive school health education program should be instituted to curtail this menace.

Marijuana Smoking among Secondary School Students in Zaria; Nigeria: Factors Responsible and Effects on Academic Performance

Background: The use of Marijuana is on the increase worldwide especially among adolescents and youths. Marijuana smoking has gained a foothold in our environment because of peer group influence; accessibility and availability. Its medico-social effects could ruin the life and future of our youths. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and the factors that influence secondary school students in Zaria LGA to smoke and the effects on academic performance. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was employed to generate data among secondary school students. A multi-stage sampling technique was used. Data was collected with the use of a structured; pre tested self-administered questionnaire. c2 test was used to test for significance of association between categorical variables. Results: Of the 350 respondents; 262 (74.9) were males; while 88 (25.1) were females. The study shows that 33 of the students smoke marijuana giving a prevalence of 9.4. There were more smokers in the age group 15-19 years (54.6). Other factors that influence marijuana smoking include family background; peer pressure and attendance of social functions. There was better academic performance (51.1) among non smokers as compared to smokers (27.2); and this was found to be statistically significant (x2 = 11.73;df = 5;P .05) There was also statistically significant association between age and marijuana smoking (x2 ) were males; while 88 (25.1) were females. The study shows that 33 of the students smoke marijuana giving a prevalence of 9.4. There were more smokers in the age group 15-19 years (54.6). Other factors that influence marijuana smoking include family background; peer pressure and attendance of social functions. There was better academic performance (51.1) among non smokers as compared to smokers (27.2); and this was found to be statistically significant (x2 = 11.73;df = 5;P .05) There was also statistically significant association between age and marijuana smoking (x2