Impact of transcranial alternating current stimulation on working memory and selective attention in athletes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to investigate the impact of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on working memory and selective attention in athletes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: In total 45 athletes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were randomly divided into three equal groups (sham, control and experimental groups). All participants in the sham and experimental groups received stimulations on the F3 and SO with a current of (10 HZ) 1 mA for 15 min over 10 sessions ( P ≤ 0.05), and after 10 sessions, each group was retested. After 2 weeks, a follow-up test was performed according to the post-test using the Stroop test and N-BACK- (working memory test) to test statistical hypotheses ( P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: The results of repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that applying tACS proved effective in improving the working memory and selective attention of ADHD athletes. CONCLUSIONS: The study's findings indicated that the protocol of applying tACS 1 MA with 10 HZ improved the working memory and selective attention of ADHD athletes.

Deficits in Working Memory and Theory of Mind May Underlie Difficulties in Social Perception of Children with ADHD.

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are prone to peer rejection and disliking due to difficulties in social perception and interaction. To address social perception impairments in ADHD, we examined children with ADHD in a noisy biological motion (BM) direction discrimination paradigm in association with sociocognitive factors including emotion regulation, theory of mind (TOM), and working memory compared to healthy controls. Our results showed that children with ADHD were poorer in discriminating BM direction in noisy environments (F (1, 36) = 4.655, p=0.038). Moreover, a significant correlation was found between working memory and TOM with BM discrimination in an ADHD group (r = 0.442, p=0.01, and r = 0.403, p=0.05, respectively). Our findings could suggest that social perception in noisy scenarios may be affected by memory and social cognitive abilities of children with ADHD.

Evaluation of the secondary complications in patients of type-ii diabetes mellitus (TIIDM) on allopathic, alternative or combination of medicine system: A cross sectional study.

Progression of diabetes mellitus may leads to secondary complications. Management of such complication is a major challenge for diabetologists. Objective of current study was to evaluate the development of chronic complications in patients of type-II diabetes by comparing their treatment options. This cross sectional study was conducted in outpatient facilities of Karachi from July 2017 to July 2018. 201 type -II DM patients were enrolled in the study. Study was divided into four arms of treatment; herbal, homeopathic, allopathic and combination. Outcome measures were development of acute and chronic complications. Data was analyzed by SPSS 22 version. Finding of study reveals that relative risk reduction of diabetic coma is 50% (p=0.0001) with combination treatment, relative risk reduction of retinopathy is 52% (p=0001) with herbal treatment, relative risk reduction of nephropathy is 58% (p=0.0001) with combination treatment, relative risk reduction of hypertension is 49% (p=0.0001) with herbal treatment, relative risk reduction of myocardial infarction is 15% (p=0.0001) with herbal treatment and relative risk reduction of neuropathies is 27% (p=0.0001) with combination treatment and relative risk reduction of other complications is 12% with allopathic treatment (p=0.20). Finding of study reveals that risk of acute and chronic complications in type-II DM patients is low if they use either herbal system of medicine or combination of different systems of medicine.

Burn aggravated infected wart in a patient with type 2 diabetes: a medical challenge.

An infectious wart of foot in a patient with diabetics is a medical challenge, and it gets worse when aggravated with burns. We present a case of a 67-year-old Pakistani man, diabetic for 20 years presented at our healthcare centre. While awaiting his culture sensitivity report, he was prescribed an empiric antibiotic therapy. Patient then travelled to Saudi Arabia for pilgrimage 3 days later with growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus species in culture and sensitivity report; during his travel, he walked barefoot and the infected wart aggravated with severe burn. Patient continued empiric treatment for 14 days. On his arrival, infected wart worsened with dead burnt skin, heavy purulent discharge on plantar region. X-rays revealed marked arthritic changes. Cefepime 500 mg three times a day intravenously was initiated following wound debridement. Patient was switched to moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily postoperatively for 7 days until completely healed.

A practice-specificity-based model of arousal for achieving peak performance.

The authors propose a practice-specificity-based model of arousal for achieving peak performance. The study included 37 healthy male physical education students whom they randomly assigned to a high-arousal (n = 19) or low-arousal group (n = 18). To manipulate participants' level of arousal, the authors used motivational techniques. They used heart rate and the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (R. Martens, 1977) to measure the level of arousal that participants achieved. At the determined and given arousal state, the 2 groups performed the task (basketball free throws) for 18 sessions. Both groups performed a retention test at the 2 arousal levels immediately after the last exercise session, in the posttest, and after 10 days. Results showed that both groups learned the task similarly and achieved their peak performance at their experienced arousal level. When tested at an arousal level that differed from the one that they experienced throughout practice sessions, participants' performance had deteriorated significantly. Performance of the task seemed to have integrated with the arousal level of the participants during the task learning. The findings of this study suggest a practice-specificity-based explanation for achieving peak performance.