Association of Prx4, Total Oxidant Status, and Inflammatory Factors with Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress conditions have been reported in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Peroxiredoxin 4 (Prx4) is a related antioxidant in insulin synthesis. We hypothesized that insulin resistance in these women is associated with total oxidant status (TOS) and inflammatory factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred three people including 104 PCOS patients and 99 healthy women, who were matched for age and body mass index (BMI), entered the study. Waist circumference of the participants was measured; serum glucose, lipid profile, insulin, Prx4, TOS, hs-CRP, and TNF-α were also evaluated. RESULTS: The Prx4 level was significantly lower in PCOS than in the control group. In addition, marked increase was observed in the concentration of TOS, hs-CRP, and TNF-α in PCOS, compared to the healthy women. There was a positive correlation of TOS with hs-CRP, TNF-α, and HOMA-IR. The risk of PCOS for subjects with high hs-CRP was 60 times greater than those who had low serum hs-CRP concentration; after performing multiple logistic regression analyses with the backward method, TNF-α was considered as an effective biomarker to predict PCOS ß = 49.087 (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study identified increased oxidative stress and inflammation in PCOS; this may be due to decrease in the antioxidants, such as Prx4.

Protective effects of combined Losartan and Nilotinib on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed as therapeutic compounds for inhibiting the progression of liver fibrosis. In the present study, the simultaneous treatment of Nilotinib (TKIs) and Losartan was studied. Forty rats were divided into eight groups of fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and therapeutics (Nilotinib, Losartan, and combination therapy). In the end, serum parameters of the liver and gene expression analysis of transforming growth factor-ß1, its receptors (TßRII), platelet-derived growth factor, its receptors (PDGFRß), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), tumor necrosis factor-α, cytochrome P450 2E1, and collagen1 type 1 were performed. The oxidant/antioxidant factors were also analyzed. Histopathology analysis along with α-SMA immunohistochemistry and hydroxyproline evaluation was also conducted for a more in-depth study. The overall results indicated a better therapeutic effect of co-treatment of Nilotinib-Losartan in comparison with the treatment of each of them alone. Interestingly, some gene and protein factors and fibrotic indices were reduced even to the normal levels of the control group. The results of this study suggest that co-administration of these two combinations, strengthens their anti-fibrotic properties and, due to the routine use of these compounds against AML and blood pressure, these compounds can be used with caution against human liver fibrosis.

Leuprolide Acetate Release Study from γ-Irradiated PLGA-based In Situ Forming System.

BACKGROUND: It is well known that the properties of polymers can be altered by exposure to γ- ray. γ-irradiation has been used as a sterilization method for polymeric drug delivery devices, and its drug release profile must not be significantly changed. In this study, the effect of γ-irradiation on the release profile of leuprolide acetate from PLGA-based in situ forming system was investigated. METHODS: Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) was dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) and irradiated with a total dose of 8 kGy γ-ray emitted by a 60Co source. Then, leuprolide acetate was added to the polymer solution. PLGA-based in situ forming systems were prepared by injecting some specific amount of prepared solution into a buffer phosphate pH 7.4 at 37 °C. The effects of γ-ray on drug release profiles, morphology of matrices and thermal properties as well as stability of polymer were evaluated. RESULTS: The results showed that γ-irradiation causes a decrease in glass transition temperature (Tg) of PLGA from 43.4 to 38.1°C. A reduction in molecular weight of PLGA by about 17.8 % was found as consequence of radiolytic degradation. The morphological studies of PLGA matrices confirmed that the irradiated sample had higher porosity than the non-irradiated sample. It is found that the amount of released leuprolide acetate from irradiated matrix was increased by about 1.6 times after 33 days compared to the nonirradiated ones. In vitro drug release experimental data were fitted using the Gallagher- Corrigan model which indicated that diffusion and degradation were the predominant mechanisms of drug release. CONCLUSION: Accordingly, leuprolide acetate was released faster from the irradiated matrix compared to the non- irradiated matrix.

Hepatoprotective effect of parthenolide in rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

CONTEXT: The active ingredients of traditional medical herbs have been the focus of scientific interests. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to explore the mechanisms of actions of parthenolide on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five male Wistar rats were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for eight weeks with or without an intraperitoneal injection of parthenolide to develop NAFLD. Liver triacylglycerol (TG), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidative status (TOS), thiobarbituric acid reactant substances (TBARs), total thiol groups and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) levels as well as liver ALT, AST and catalase activities were determined. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR was performed to obtain hepatic gene expression levels of TNF-α, CYP2E1 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). RESULTS: HFD caused a significant weight gain and increased liver TG content as well as alteration in ALT and AST activities, which were attenuated after administration of parthenoide (p < .05). Weakened liver antioxidant system (TAC, total thiol groups and catalase activity) and increased oxidative stress markers (TBARs and TOS) were mainly ameliorated by parthenolide treatment (p < .05). Increased hepatic TNF-α, NF-κB and CYP2E1 at the both gene expression and protein levels were found associated with necroinflammatory changes in histopathological observations and were abrogated almost completely after parthenolide treatment. Oxidative and inflammatory changes observed in HFD fed rats were indicative of NAFLD, which were suppressed with parthenolide treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, parthenolide might be a candidate agent for preventing NAFLD due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative potency.

Dasatinib prevent hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanism.

OBJECTIVES: Dasatinib, a potent and broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of this agent against CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis and oxidative status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental fibrosis was induced in Wistar male rats by 12 weeks of CCl4 administration (i.p.). During the last 8 weeks of injection, rats were gavaged daily with Dasatinib (10 mg/kg). To evaluate anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of Dasatinib, histopathological examination of liver tissue was performed and serum ALT and AST activities, oxidant, antioxidant parameters and hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were examined. Moreover, transforming growth factor (TGF-ß1), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and TNF-α mRNA expressions were also evaluated by real time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Dasatinib administration induced a significant reduction of ALT and AST activities (p < .001) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in CCl4 injected rats (p < .05). Concomitantly hepatic protein and mRNA expression of TNF-α, mRNA expression of TGF-ß1 and PDGF were increased due to CCl4 intoxication (p < .001), but Dasatinib treatment could significantly ameliorate these mediators at the level of gene expression (p < .01) and protein level of TNF-α (p < .001). The necro-inflammatory changes in histopathological finding, nitric oxide and hydroxyproline level were also increased during 12 weeks of CCl4 administration which was significantly attenuated by Dasatinib (p < .01). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that Dasatinib can be cautiously an anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agent in clinical setting.

Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Status in Patients with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Case-Control Study.

INTRODUCTION: Oxidative stress or oxidant/antioxidant imbalance has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of some diseases like cancer. Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) originates in the thyroid parafollicular cells and includes 3-4% of the malignant neoplasms that have an effect on this gland. The aetiology of MTC has not been clarified. However, oxidative stress may be one of the factors involved. AIM: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antioxidant enzyme activity of catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the levels of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood samples of MTC patients as compared to healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study was designed enrolling patients with confirmed MTC diagnosis and age-and sex group matched healthy volunteers referred to the clinic of the Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran from April 2013 to July 2015. Fasting blood samples were taken for study. Catalase, GSH, MDA and TAC levels were measured by colorimetry using commercial kits (ZellBio GmbH, Germany). Data were analysed using SPSS 17 software, comparing mean±SD through t-test and difference between proportions through chi-square. RESULTS: No statistical difference was observed in the demographic characteristic between cases and controls. The final MTC group included 40 males and 45 females with a mean age of 30±12.9 year, and the control group 40 males and 47 females, with a mean age of 31.2±12.3 year. Anthropometric parameters, dietary and thyroid hormones levels (T3, T4 and TSH) were similar. Serum TAC (p=0.015), GSH (p=0.029) and CAT (p<0.001) levels were found to be significantly lower in the MTC patients, while serum MDA levels were significantly higher in MTC patients than controls (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings suggest that oxidant/antioxidant imbalance may be associated with or possibly indicate an increased risk to medullary thyroid carcinoma. Further studies are needed to explore these findings.

Effects of Resveratrol on Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) Expression and Oxidative Stress in the Liver of Rats with Type 2 Diabetes.

Incidence of diabetes mellitus is dramatically growing in the world. Oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and receptor for AGE (RAGE) play key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Little is known about resveratrol effects on the liver. We hypothesize that resveratrol may exert a hepatoprotective effect in diabetic rats. Male rats with diabetes were treated with or without resveratrol at 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. Total AGEs and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver tissues were determined by spectrofluorimetric methods. Total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant contents in the liver and glucose in plasma were measured by a colorimetric assay. Expression of RAGE was assayed in liver of all animals using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In liver tissue extract of resveratrol-treated rats with diabetes, MDA levels, total oxidant, plasma glucose and expression of RAGE were significantly reduced compared to the untreated group. Moreover, total antioxidant levels were significantly increased in treated rats. There was no significant difference in AGE contents among all groups. These results revealed that resveratrol had beneficial effects on the liver by extenuating oxidative stress and down regulation of RAGE expression.

Resveratrol-Dependent Down-regulation of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products and Oxidative Stress in Kidney of Rats With Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Millions of people in the world have diabetes mellitus and its prevalence is growing. Oxidative stress, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) play key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. New and safe strategies of remedy are needed for this disease. OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that resveratrol may exert a renal protective effect on diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male rats with diabetes were treated with or without resveratrol as 1, 5, 10 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days. The total AGEs and malondialdehyde levels in kidney tissues were determined by spectrofluorimetric method and the insulin level was assayed using ELISA. The total antioxidant capacity contents in kidney and the glucose in plasma were measured by a colorimetric assay. The expression of RAGE was assayed in kidneys of all animals using quantitative PCR. RESULTS: In resveratrol-treated rats with diabetes, malondialdehyde levels, plasma glucose and expression of RAGE were significantly reduced compared with the untreated group. Moreover, the total antioxidant and insulin levels significantly increased in treated rats. There was no significant difference in the AGEs contents among all the groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results revealed that resveratrol has beneficial effects on kidney by extenuating the oxidative stress and down-regulation of RAGE expression.

The Study of Hemodialysis Effectiveness on the Change Rate of Lipid Peroxidation and L-Carnitine Level in Hemodialysis Patients.

Carnitine is a small molecule widely present in all cells from prokaryotic to eukaryotic. It is an important element in ß-oxidation of fatty acids. Carnitine is a scavenger of oxygen free radicals in mammalian tissues. Lack of carnitine in a hemodialysis patient can lead to carnitine deficiency. Oxidation of fatty acids and lipid metabolism are severly affected by carnitine deficiency. Oxidative stress is defined as imbalance between formation of free radicals and antioxidative defense mechanisms. It has been proposed to play a role in many disease states. In hemodialysis patients multiple factors can lead to a a high susceptibility to oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine hemodialysis effectiveness on the change rate of serum L-carnitine and lipid peroxidation. 27 patients with chronic renal failure (24-80 yrs) who undergo hemodialysis for 6-12 months were selected (M= 17, F= 10). Malondialdehyde (MDA), as an indicator of lipid peroxidation was measured colorimetrically with a standard thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. L-carnitine was measured with enzymatic UV method (ROCHE, Spectronic Genesis 2, 340 nm). The weight mean of L-carnitine before and after hemodialysis was 7.67±3.6 mg/l and 2.07±1.6 mg/l, respectively (P<0.001). The weight mean of pre-hemodialysis MDA was 4.17±1.24 µmol/l, following hemodialysis -4.98±1.2 µmol/l (P<0.001). Results showed that 55.6% of patients suffered from carnitine defciency. Serum carnitine was found to be decreased markedly after hemodialysis (P<0.001). Our findings indicated that oxidative stress in these patients is further exacerbated by hemodialysis, as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation. The relationship between serum L-carnitine and MDA before and after hemodialysis was observed (r=0.82; p<0.001; r=0.75; p<0.001).

Relationship between estradiol and antioxidant enzymes activity of ischemic stroke.

Some evidence suggests the neuroprotection of estrogen provided by the antioxidant activity of this compound. The main objective of this study was to determine the level of estradiol and its correlation with the activity of antioxidant enzymes, total antioxidant status and ferritin from ischemic stroke subjects. The study population consisted of 30 patients with acute ischemic stroke and 30 controls. There was no significant difference between estradiol in stroke and control group. The activity of superoxide dismutase and level of ferritin was higher in stroke compared with control group (P < .05, P < .001, resp.). There was no significant correlation between estradiol and glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, total antioxidant status, and ferritin in stroke and control groups. We observed inverse correlation between estradiol with superoxide dismutase in males of stroke patients (r = -0.54, P = .029). Our results supported that endogenous estradiol of elderly men and women of stroke or control group has no antioxidant activity.

Serum butyrylcholinesterase activity and phenotype associations with lipid profile in stroke patients.

BACKGROUND: Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine and other choline esters and is also involved in lipid metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate any association between BuChE serum phenotype and activity and lipid profile of ischemic stroke patients. METHODS: We determined serum BuChE activities and phenotypes, and levels of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C and triacylglyerol (TG) in 33 patients with acute ischemic stroke within 12 h of the onset of the attack and 29 controls. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) serum BuChE activity and the BuChE of U/A phenotype in the stroke individuals were significantly lower and higher than that of the control (315 (+/-124) IU/L. vs. 384 (+/-99) IU/L, p=0.02, t=-2.4 and 21.2% vs.3.4%, p=0.026 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that a negative correlation between BuChE activity with TC level, in addition the frequency of BuChE phenotypes with low activity is high in stroke patients, who have high levels of cholesterol, may have increased susceptibility to stroke.

Sex differences in adenosine deaminase activity of stroke patients.

BACKGROUND: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) catalyzes the irreversible hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine. The purpose of this study was to determine the plasma activities of total adenosine deaminase (ADA T), and its isoenzymes, ADA1 and ADA2, and ADA1/ADA2 ratio of male and female ischemic stroke patients. METHODS: We determined activities of plasma ADA T, ADA1, ADA2 and ADA1/ADA2 ratio in 30 patients (15 men and 15 women) with acute ischemic stroke within 12 h of the onset of the attack, as well as in 30 control subjects (15 men and 15 women) of comparable age. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the ADA1 activity and ADA1/ADA2 ratio in male and female stroke patients (p<0.05). Compared with male stroke subjects, females had higher ADA1 activity and ADA1/ADA2 ratios. There were no significant differences between activities of ADA T and ADA2 in men and women of the stroke and control groups. In addition, the Canadian Neurological Scale in men was significantly higher than that of women in the stroke group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the primary mechanism in men with ischemic stroke might involve the reduction of ADA1 activity. The reduction is probably an adaptation mechanism for induced increase in adenosine availability and protection of brain to ischemic injury.

Nitric oxide level in seminal plasma and its relation with sperm DNA damages.

BACKGROUND: Evidence supports the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in a variety of male reproductive processes such as spermatogenesis, spermiogenesis, sperm motion, sperm metabolism and sperm capacitation. However, low concentration of NO is essential in biology and physiology of spermatozoa, but high amounts of NO is toxic and has negative effects on sperm functions. On the other hand, it is established that high amounts of NO have detrimental effects on DNA. The integrity of sperm DNA is an important factor in successful fertility and embryo development. It is hypothesized that supra physiological concentrations of NO in seminal plasma cause sperm DNA damage. The aim of this study was to determine sperm DNA damage by comet assay and its correlation with NO level in seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men. METHODS: Semen samples were collected from 45 patients and 70 healthy donors. The stable metabolites of NO (nitrite and nitrate) in seminal plasma were measured by Griess assay and DNA damage was determined using single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay method. RESULTS: The NO concentration in the seminal plasma of infertile males was significantly higher than fertile males (5.74+/-1.01 microM/L vs. 3.88+/-0.53 microM/L). There was a significant positive correlation between the NO concentration and sperm DNA comet value in infertile males (P<0.01, R=0.598). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the overproduction of NO in genital tract of infertile males has a potential pathogenetic role in the reduction of sperm DNA integrity.

Association between the Phe206Leu polymorphism of L-selectin and brucellosis.

Brucellosis remains a major zoonosis worldwide; therefore, better understanding of its immunology is a priority for the development of new therapeutic and vaccination strategies. Genetic factors appear to have an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases such as brucellosis. Adhesion molecules, such as members of the selectin family, participate in the interaction between leukocytes and the endothelium, as well as in inflammatory cell recruitment. The impact of L-selectin polymorphisms on brucellosis has not so far been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess an L-selectin Phe206Leu (F206L) polymorphism in patients with active brucellosis, and to analyse its possible relationship with disease progression. A case-control association study was carried out on 619 subjects, including 374 patients with brucellosis and 245 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Genomic DNA was isolated, and amplification of L-selectin genomic regions was performed by PCR incorporating sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) to distinguish the genotypes. The frequencies of the F206L polymorphism were studied. A significant difference in F206L polymorphism was found between patients with brucellosis and controls. The 206Leu allele was more frequent in patients than in healthy individuals (36.6 versus 28 %, P=0.003). In addition, there was an association between the presence of the 206Leu allele and a relapse of brucellosis (odds ratio 6.53, 95 % confidence interval 1.5-28.8, P=0.005). The higher frequency of L-selectin genotypes in patients with brucellosis than in control individuals, as well as the association between the 206Leu allele and the occurrence of brucellosis relapse, suggest that the F206L polymorphism could make individuals more vulnerable to brucellosis.

Effects of flavonoids on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification.

Dietary flavonoid intake has been reported to be inversely associated with the incidence of coronary artery disease. To clarify the possible role of flavonoids in the prevention of atherosclerosis, we investigated the effects of some of these compounds on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to oxidative modification. In this study, six flavonoids, "apigenin, genistein, morin, naringin, pelargonidin and quercetin", were added to plasma and incubated for 3h at 37 degrees C. Then, the LDL fraction was separated by ultracentrifugation. The oxidizability of LDL was estimated by measuring conjugated diene (CD), lipid peroxides and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) after cupric sulfate solution was added. We showed that among flavonoids used, quercetin and morin significantly (P<0.01 by ANOVA) and dose-dependently prolonged the lag time before initiation of oxidation reaction. Also, these two flavonoids suppressed the formation of lipid peroxides and TBARS more markedly than others. Their ability to prolong lag time and suppression of lipid peroxides and TBARS formation resulted to be in the following order: quercetin>morin>pelargonidin>genistein>naringin>apigenin. LDL exposed to flavonoids in vitro reduced oxidizability. These findings show that flavonoids may have a role in ameliorating atherosclerosis.

Effects of some flavonoids on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification.

The effects of six flavonoids viz., apigenin, genistein, morin, naringin, pelargonidin and quercetin on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to oxidative modification were investigated. Flavonoids were added to plasma and incubated for 3 hr at 37 degrees C, and the LDL fraction was separated by ultracentrifugation. Oxidizability of LDL was estimated by measuring conjugated diene (CD), lipid peroxides and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), after cupric sulfate solution was added. Quercetin and morin significantly (P<0.01 by ANOVA) prolonged the lag time before initiation of oxidation reaction in dose-dependent manner. They also suppressed the formation of lipid peroxides and TBARS more markedly than other flavonoids. The ability to prolong lag time and suppression of lipid peroxides and TBARS formation was in the following order: quercetin >morin >pelargonidin >genistein >naringin >apigenin. LDL exposed to flavonoids reduced oxidizability. These findings suggest that flavonoids may have a role in ameliorating atherosclerosis.