Tween 80 Micelles Loaded with Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and Artemisinin for Combined Oxygen-Independent Ferroptosis Therapy of Cancer.

Artemisinin has an endoperoxide bridge structure, which can be cleaved by ferrous ions to generate various carbonyl radicals in an oxygen-independent manner, highlighting its potential for treating hypoxic tumors. In our study, we fabricated Tween 80 micelles loaded with Fe3O4 nanoparticles and artemisinin for cancer therapy. The synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles and drug-loaded micelles have particle sizes of about 5 nm and 80 nm, respectively, both exhibiting excellent dispersibility and stability. After uptake by MCF-7 cells, drug-loaded micelles release Fe2+ and ART into the cytoplasm, effectively inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hypoxic conditions, thereby enhancing toxicity against cancer cells. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that ART and Fe3O4 nanoparticles are encapsulated in Tween 80 to form micelles, which effectively prevent premature release during circulation in the body. Although free ART and Fe3O4 nanoparticles can inhibit tumor growth, TW80-Fe3O4-ART micelles demonstrate a more pronounced inhibitory effect, with a tumor suppression rate of up to 85%. A novel strategy based on artemisinin and ferroptosis is thus offered, holding a favorable prospect for hypoxic cancer therapy.

Synthesis of novel cholesterol-based ionizable lipids for mRNA delivery.

The safe and effective delivery of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is crucial for its therapeutic effects in vivo. In this study, we developed a new type of ionizable lipid S-1, which contains an amino head, a cholesterol matrix, and a long hydrophobic carbon tail. We employed microfluidics to rapidly mix an ethanol phase containing S-1 lipid with an aqueous mRNA to form mRNA/S-1 lipid nanoparticles (LNPs, 100-200 nm). We observed low cytotoxicity and high transfection efficiency in RAW264.7 and HCT-116 cell lines for mRNA/S-1 LNPs, comparable to mRNA/SM-102 LNPs. Based on the obtained findings, mRNA/S-1 LNPs have good stability, low cytotoxicity, high transfection efficiency, and enhanced cellular uptake. The synthesized S-1 lipid ensures efficient assembly of lipid nanoparticles, protects mRNA from RNase degradation, and enables the delivery of mRNA into the cytoplasm for translation.

Macrophages-mediated delivery of protoporphyrin for sonodynamic therapy of rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells, hyperplasia of synovium, and destruction of the joint cartilage. Owing to the low drug delivery efficiency and limited immunosuppression effect, complete cure for RA remains a formidable challenge. Here, we show that live macrophages (Mφs) carrying protoporphyrin-loaded Fe3O4 nanoparticles can migrate to the RA tissues and inhibit the inflammation by sonodynamic therapy. The inflammation of RA leads to the release of cytokines, which guides the migration of the Mφs into the RA tissues, realizing precise delivery of therapeutics. The following sonodynamic therapy induced by ultrasound and protoporphyrin destructs the proliferating synovial cells and also infiltrated inflammatory cells, demonstrating significant therapeutic effect for RA. Meanwhile, the cytokines and relapse of RA can be remarkably suppressed because of the efficient damage to the resident inflammatory cells.

Lifestyle-based subtypes of childhood obesity and their association with cardiometabolic factors: A cluster analysis.

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle factors play an important role in the development and management of childhood obesity and its related cardiometabolic complications. OBJECTIVE/METHODS: We aimed to explore childhood obesity subtypes based on lifestyle factors and examine their association with cardiometabolic health. We included 1550 children with obesity from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cluster analysis identified obesity subtypes based on four lifestyle factors (physical activity, diet quality, sedentary time and smoking). Multiple linear regression assessed their association with cardiometabolic factors. RESULTS: Five subtypes of childhood obesity were identified: unhealthy subtype (n = 571; 36.8%), physically active subtype (n = 185; 21.1%), healthy diet subtype (n = 404; 26.1%), smoking subtype (n = 125; 8.1%) and non-sedentary subtype (n = 265; 17.1%). Compared with the unhealthy subtype, the physically active subtype had lower insulin and HOMA-IR levels, and smoking subtype was associated with lower HDL levels. When compared with children with normal weight, all obesity subtypes had worse cardiometabolic profile, except the physically active subtype who had similar DBP, HbA1c and TC levels; smoking subtype who had similar TC levels; and healthy diet and non-sedentary subtypes who had similar DBP levels. CONCLUSION: Children of different lifestyle-based obesity subtypes might have different cardiometabolic risks. Our new classification system might help personalize assessment of childhood obesity.

Efficacy of a mouthwash containing ε-poly-L-lysine, funme peptides and domiphen in reducing halitosis and supragingival plaque: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of a combination of ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL), funme peptide (FP) as well as domiphen against oral pathogens, and assess the efficacy of a BOP® mouthwash supplemented with this combination in reducing halitosis and supragingival plaque in a clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the compound against Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were determined by the gradient dilution method. Subsequently, the CCK-8 assay was used to detect the toxicity of mouthwash on human gingival fibroblastst, and the effectiveness in reducing halitosis and supragingival plaque of the mouthwash supplemented with the combination was analyzed by a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled clinical trial. RESULTS: The combination exhibited significant inhibitory effects on tested oral pathogens with the MIC < 1.56% (v/v) and the MBC < 3.13% (v/v), and the mouthwash containing this combination did not inhibit the viability of human gingival fibroblasts at the test concentrations. The clinical trial showed that the test group displayed notably lower volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) at 0, 10, 24 h, and 7 d post-mouthwash (P < 0.05), compared with the baseline. After 7 days, the VSC levels of the and control groups were reduced by 50.27% and 32.12%, respectively, and notably cutting severe halitosis by 57.03% in the test group. Additionally, the Plaque Index (PLI) of the test and control group decreased by 54.55% and 8.38%, respectively, and there was a significant difference in PLI between the two groups after 7 days (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of ε-PL, FP and domiphen demonstrated potent inhibitory and bactericidal effects against the tested oral pathogens, and the newly formulated mouthwash added with the combination exhibited anti-dental plaque and anti-halitosis properties in a clinical trial and was safe. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The randomized controlled clinical trial was registered on Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (No. ChiCTR2300073816, Date: 21/07/2023).

Expert consensus on irrigation and intracanal medication in root canal therapy.

Chemical cleaning and disinfection are crucial steps for eliminating infection in root canal treatment. However, irrigant selection or irrigation procedures are far from clear. The vapor lock effect in the apical region has yet to be solved, impeding irrigation efficacy and resulting in residual infections and compromised treatment outcomes. Additionally, ambiguous clinical indications for root canal medication and non-standardized dressing protocols must be clarified. Inappropriate intracanal medication may present side effects and jeopardize the therapeutic outcomes. Indeed, clinicians have been aware of these concerns for years. Based on the current evidence of studies, this article reviews the properties of various irrigants and intracanal medicaments and elucidates their effectiveness and interactions. The evolution of different kinetic irrigation methods, their effects, limitations, the paradigm shift, current indications, and effective operational procedures regarding intracanal medication are also discussed. This expert consensus aims to establish the clinical operation guidelines for root canal irrigation and a position statement on intracanal medication, thus facilitating a better understanding of infection control, standardizing clinical practice, and ultimately improving the success of endodontic therapy.

Host-Guest Doping Modulated Afterglow Emission of Fluoroquinolones for Their Separation-Free Detection and Discrimination.

Detection and discrimination of fluoroquinolones (FQs) are crucial for food safety but remain a formidable challenge due to their minor differences in molecular structures and the serious interferences from food matrices. Herein, we propose an afterglow assay for the detection and discrimination of FQs through modulating their room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties by a host-guest doping strategy. FQs were doped into the boric acid host, forming boronic anhydride structures and hydrogen bonds, which prompted the RTP and TADF performance of FQs by stabilizing their excited states, preventing triplet exciton quenching, and reducing the energy gap between singlet and triplet states. The FQs can be quantitatively detected through monitoring the afterglow intensity of host-guest systems, as low as 0.25 µg/mL. The differences in the afterglow intensity and emission lifetime allowed accurate discrimination of 11 types of FQs through pattern recognition methods. Aided by the delayed signal detection model of afterglow emission, the background signal and the interferences from food matrices were effectively eliminated, which endow the detection and discrimination of mixed FQs in commercial meat samples, without multiple-step separation processes.

Live macrophages loaded with Fe3O4 and sulfasalazine for ferroptosis and photothermal therapy of rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells and proliferation of synovial cells. It can cause cartilage and bone damage as well as disability and is regarded as an incurable chronic disease. Available therapies cannot prevent the development of diseases due to the high toxicity of the therapeutic agents and the inefficient drug delivery. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent manner of lipid peroxidative cell death, indicates great potential for RA therapy due to ability to damage the infiltrated inflammatory cells and proliferated fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Here, we use macrophages as vector to deliver Fe3O4 nanoparticles and sulfasalazine (SSZ) for ferroptosis and photothermal therapy of RA. The inherent property of migration towards the inflamed joints under the guidance of inflammatory factors enables macrophages to targetedly deliver the payload into the RA. Upon the irradiation of the near infrared light, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles convert the light into heat to damage the proliferated synovium. Meanwhile, the iron released from Fe3O4 nanoparticles works with SSZ to generate synergetic ferroptosis effect. The resident inflammatory cells and proliferated synovium are efficiently damaged by the ferroptosis and photothermal effect, showing pronounced therapeutic effect for RA.

Nanomaterial-Enabled Photothermal Heating and Its Use for Cancer Therapy via Localized Hyperthermia.

Photothermal therapy (PTT), which employs nanoscale transducers delivered into a tumor to locally generate heat upon irradiation with near-infrared light, shows great potential in killing cancer cells through hyperthermia. The efficacy of such a treatment is determined by a number of factors, including the amount, distribution, and dissipation of the generated heat, as well as the type of cancer cell involved. The amount of heat generated is largely controlled by the number of transducers accumulated inside the tumor, the absorption coefficient and photothermal conversion efficiency of the transducer, and the irradiance of the light. The efficacy of treatment depends on the distribution of the transducers in the tumor and the penetration depth of the light. The vascularity and tissue thermal conduction both affect the dissipation of heat and thereby the distribution of temperature. The successful implementation of PTT in the clinic setting critically depends on techniques for real-time monitoring and management of temperature.

The exoprotein Gbp of Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes THP-1 cell lipid deposition by binding to CypA and activating PI3K-AKT/MAPK/NF-κB pathways.

INTRODUCTION: Growing evidence has shown the correlation between periodontitis and atherosclerosis, while our knowledge on the pathogenesis of periodontitis-promoting atherosclerosis is far from sufficient. OBJECTIVES: Illuminate the pathogenic effects of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) on intracellular lipid deposition in THP-1-derived macrophages and elucidate the underlying pathogenic mechanism of how F. nucleatum promoting atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: F. nucleatum was frequently detected in different kinds of atherosclerotic plaques and its abundance was positively correlated with the proportion of macrophages. In vitro assays showed F. nucleatum could adhere to and invade THP-1 cells, and survive continuously in macrophages for 24 h. F. nucleatum stimulation alone could significantly promote cellular inflammation, lipid uptake and inhibit lipid outflow. The dynamic gene expression of THP-1 cells demonstrated that F. nucleatum could time-serially induce the over-expression of multiple inflammatory related genes and activate NF-κB, MAPK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. The exoprotein of F. nucleatum, D-galactose-binding protein (Gbp), acted as one of the main pathogenic proteins to interact with the Cyclophilin A (CypA) of THP-1 cells and induced the activation of the NF- κB, MAPK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. Furthermore, use of six candidate drugs targeting to the key proteins in NF- κB, MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathways could dramatically decrease F. nucleatum induced inflammation and lipid deposition in THP-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the periodontal pathogen F. nucleatum can activate macrophage PI3K-AKT/MAPK/NF-κB signal pathways, promotes inflammation, enhances cholesterol uptake, reduces lipid excretion, and promotes lipid deposition, which may be one of its main strategies promoting the development of atherosclerosis.

Size Switchable Self-Assembled Iron Oxide Aggregations Loaded with Doxorubicin for Deep Penetration and Enhanced Chemotherapy of Cancer.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) have been reported to be a promising agent for cancer therapy due to their outstanding ability in catalyzing the Fenton reaction and causing peroxidation. Generally, particles with size of hundreds of nanometers exhibit enhanced accumulation in tumor due to the enhanced permeation and retention effect. However, the large size hinders penetration within the dense collagen matrix. Here, we propose a multistage system to realize pH-responsive size switch for efficient drug delivery. In this system, ultrasmall Fe3O4 (∼4 nm) NPs are simultaneously modified with hydrophilic mPEG and hydrophobic N,N-dibutylethylenediamine (DBE) to form pH-responsive self-assembled iron oxide aggregations (SIOA). In the acidic tumor microenvironment, the protonation of DBE makes it transit from the hydrophobic to hydrophilic state, causing the disassembly of the SIOA and the release of loaded doxorubicin. The multistage Fe3O4 NPs demonstrate enhanced accumulation and efficient diffusion within the tumor, holding a promise for drug delivery and cancer therapy.

Cationic nanoparticles-based approaches for immune tolerance induction in vivo.

The development of autoimmune diseases and the rejection of transplanted organs are primarily caused by an exaggerated immune response to autoantigens or graft antigens. Achieving immune tolerance is crucial for the effective treatment of these conditions. However, traditional therapies often have limited therapeutic efficacy and can result in systemic toxic effects. The emergence of nanomedicine offers a promising avenue for addressing immune-related diseases. Among the various nanoparticle formulations, cationic nanoparticles have demonstrated significant potential in inducing immune tolerance. In this review, we provide an overview of the underlying mechanism of autoimmune disease and organ transplantation rejection. We then highlight the recent advancements and advantages of utilizing cationic nanoparticles for inducing immune tolerance in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and the prevention of transplant rejection.

Pan-cancer spatially resolved single-cell analysis reveals the crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor microenvironment.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a heterogeneous cell population that plays a crucial role in remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, through the integrated analysis of spatial and single-cell transcriptomics data across six common cancer types, we identified four distinct functional subgroups of CAFs and described their spatial distribution characteristics. Additionally, the analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from three additional common cancer types and two newly generated scRNA-seq datasets of rare cancer types, namely epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), expanded our understanding of CAF heterogeneity. Cell-cell interaction analysis conducted within the spatial context highlighted the pivotal roles of matrix CAFs (mCAFs) in tumor angiogenesis and inflammatory CAFs (iCAFs) in shaping the immunosuppressive microenvironment. In patients with breast cancer (BRCA) undergoing anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, iCAFs demonstrated heightened capacity in facilitating cancer cell proliferation, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and contributing to the establishment of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Furthermore, a scoring system based on iCAFs showed a significant correlation with immune therapy response in melanoma patients. Lastly, we provided a web interface ( https://chenxisd.shinyapps.io/pancaf/ ) for the research community to investigate CAFs in the context of pan-cancer.

Progress in nanoparticle-based regulation of immune cells.

Immune cells are indispensable defenders of the human body, clearing exogenous pathogens and toxicities or endogenous malignant and aging cells. Immune cell dysfunction can cause an inability to recognize, react, and remove these hazards, resulting in cancers, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and infections. Immune cells regulation has shown great promise in treating disease, and immune agonists are usually used to treat cancers and infections caused by immune suppression. In contrast, immunosuppressants are used to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, the key to maintaining health is to restore balance to the immune system, as excessive activation or inhibition of immune cells is a common complication of immunotherapy. Nanoparticles are efficient drug delivery systems widely used to deliver small molecule inhibitors, nucleic acid, and proteins. Using nanoparticles for the targeted delivery of drugs to immune cells provides opportunities to regulate immune cell function. In this review, we summarize the current progress of nanoparticle-based strategies for regulating immune function and discuss the prospects of future nanoparticle design to improve immunotherapy.

Pangenomic Study of Fusobacterium nucleatum Reveals the Distribution of Pathogenic Genes and Functional Clusters at the Subspecies and Strain Levels.

Fusobacterium nucleatum is a prevalent periodontal pathogen and is associated with many systemic diseases. Our knowledge of the genomic characteristics and pathogenic effectors of different F. nucleatum strains is limited. In this study, we completed the whole genome assembly of the 4 F. nucleatum strains and carried out a comprehensive pangenomic study of 30 strains with their complete genome sequences. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the F. nucleatum strains are mainly divided into 4 subspecies, while 1 of the sequenced strains was classified into a new subspecies. Gene composition analysis revealed that a total of 517 "core/soft-core genes" with housekeeping functions widely distributed in almost all the strains. Each subspecies had a unique gene cluster shared by strains within the subspecies. Analysis of the virulence factors revealed that many virulence factors were widely distributed across all the strains, with some present in multiple copies. Some virulence genes showed no consistent occurrence rule at the subspecies level and were specifically distributed in certain strains. The genomic islands mainly revealed strain-specific characteristics instead of subspecies level consistency, while CRISPR types and secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters were identically distributed in F. nucleatum strains from the same subspecies. The variation in amino acid sites in the adhesion protein FadA did not affect the monomer and dimer 3D structures, but it may affect the binding surface and the stability of binding to host receptors. This study provides a basis for the pathogenic study of F. nucleatum at the subspecies and strain levels. IMPORTANCE We used F. nucleatum as an example to analyze the genomic characteristics of oral pathogens at the species, subspecies, and strain levels and elucidate the similarities and differences in functional genes and virulence factors among different subspecies/strains of the same oral pathogen. We believe that the unique biological characteristics of each subspecies/strain can be attributed to the differences in functional gene clusters or the presence/absence of certain virulence genes. This study showed that F. nucleatum strains from the same subspecies had similar functional gene compositions, CRISPR types, and secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters, while pathogenic genes, such as virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes, and GIs, had more strain level specificity. The findings of this study suggest that, for microbial pathogenicity studies, we should carefully consider the subspecies/strains being used, as different strains may vary greatly.

Organoids technology for advancing the clinical translation of cancer nanomedicine.

The past decades have witnessed the rapid development and widespread application of nanomedicines in cancer treatment; however, the clinical translation of experimental findings has been low, as evidenced by the low percentage of commercialized nanomedicines. Incomplete understanding of nanomedicine-tumor interactions and inappropriate evaluation models are two important challenges limiting the clinical translation of cancer nanomedicines. Currently, nanomedicine-tumor interaction and therapeutic effects are mainly investigated using cell lines or mouse models, which do not recapitulate the complex tumor microenvironment in human patients. Thus, information obtained from cell lines and mouse models cannot provide adequate guidance for the rational redesign of nanomedicine. Compared with other preclinical models, tumor organoids constructed from patient-derived tumor tissues are superior in retaining the key histopathological, genetic, and phenotypic features of the parent tumor. We speculate that organoid technology would help elucidate nanomedicine-tumor interaction in the tumor microenvironment and guide the design of nanomedicine, making it a reliable tool to accurately predict drug responses in patients with cancer. This review highlighted the advantages of drug delivery systems in cancer treatment, challenges limiting the clinical translation of antitumor nanomedicines, and potential application of patient-derived organoids (PDO) in nanomedicine. We propose that combining organoids and nanotechnology would facilitate the development of safe and effective cancer nanomedicines and accelerate their clinical application. This review discussed the potential translational value of integrative research using organoids and cancer nanomedicine. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.

Oxidative Potential Characterization of Different PM2.5 Sources and Components in Beijing and the Surrounding Region.

With the implementation of air pollution control measures, the concentration of air pollutants in the North China Plain has exhibited a downward trend, but severe fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution remains. PM2.5 is harmful to human health, and the exploration of its source characteristics and potential hazards has become the key to mitigating PM2.5 pollution. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected in Beijing and Gucheng during the summer of 2019. PM2.5 components, its oxidative potential (OP), and health risks were characterized. The average PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing and Gucheng during the sampling period were 34.0 ± 6.1 µg/m3 and 37.1 ± 6.9 µg/m3, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) results indicated that the main sources of PM2.5 in Beijing were vehicle exhaust and secondary components and that the main sources in Gucheng were industrial emissions, dust and biomass combustion. The OP values were 91.6 ± 42.1 and 82.2 ± 47.1 pmol/(min·m3), respectively, at these two sites. The correlation between the chemical components and the OP values varied with the PM2.5 sources at these two locations. The health risk assessment results demonstrated that Cr and As were potentially carcinogenic to all populations at both sites, and Cd posed a potential carcinogenic risk for adults in Gucheng. Regional cooperation regarding air pollution control must be strengthened to further reduce PM2.5 pollution and its adverse health effects.

Study of the inflammatory activating process in the early stage of Fusobacterium nucleatum infected PDLSCs.

Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) is an early pathogenic colonizer in periodontitis, but the host response to infection with this pathogen remains unclear. In this study, we built an F. nucleatum infectious model with human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and showed that F. nucleatum could inhibit proliferation, and facilitate apoptosis, ferroptosis, and inflammatory cytokine production in a dose-dependent manner. The F. nucleatum adhesin FadA acted as a proinflammatory virulence factor and increased the expression of interleukin(IL)-1ß, IL-6 and IL-8. Further study showed that FadA could bind with PEBP1 to activate the Raf1-MAPK and IKK-NF-κB signaling pathways. Time-course RNA-sequencing analyses showed the cascade of gene activation process in PDLSCs with increasing durations of F. nucleatum infection. NFκB1 and NFκB2 upregulated after 3 h of F. nucleatum-infection, and the inflammatory-related genes in the NF-κB signaling pathway were serially elevated with time. Using computational drug repositioning analysis, we predicted and validated that two potential drugs (piperlongumine and fisetin) could attenuate the negative effects of F. nucleatum-infection. Collectively, this study unveils the potential pathogenic mechanisms of F. nucleatum and the host inflammatory response at the early stage of F. nucleatum infection.