Gel microspheres enhance the stemness of ADSCs by regulating cell-ECM interaction.

The gel microsphere culture system (GMCS) showed various advantages for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) expansion and delivery, such as high specific surface area, small and regular shape, extensive adjustability, and biomimetic properties. Although various technologies and materials have been developed to promote the development of gel microspheres, the differences in the biological status of MSCs between the GMCS and the traditional Petri dish culture system (PDCS) are still unknown, hindering gel microspheres from becoming a culture system as widely used as petri dishes. In the previous study, an excellent "all-in-one" GMCS has been established for the expansion of human adipose-derived MSCs (hADSCs), which showed convenient cell culture operation. Here, we performed transcriptome and proteome sequencing on hADSCs cultured on the "all-in-one" GMCS and the PDCS. We found that hADSCs cultured in the GMCS kept in an undifferentiation status with a high stemness index, whose transcriptome profile is closer to the adipose progenitor cells (APCs) in vivo than those cultured in the PDCS. Further, the high stemness status of hADSCs in the GMCS was maintained through regulating cell-ECM interaction. For application, bilayer scaffolds were constructed by osteo- and chondro-differentiation of hADSCs cultured in the GMCS and the PDCS. The effect of osteochondral regeneration of the bilayer scaffolds in the GMCS group was better than that in the PDCS group. This study revealed the high stemness and excellent functionality of MSCs cultured in the GMCS, which promoted the application of gel microspheres in cell culture and tissue regeneration.

A pathological joint-liver axis mediated by matrikine-activated CD4+ T cells.

The knee joint has long been considered a closed system. The pathological effects of joint diseases on distant organs have not been investigated. Herein, our clinical data showed that post-traumatic joint damage, combined with joint bleeding (hemarthrosis), exhibits a worse liver function compared with healthy control. With mouse model, hemarthrosis induces both cartilage degeneration and remote liver damage. Next, we found that hemarthrosis induces the upregulation in ratio and differentiation towards Th17 cells of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood and spleen. Deletion of CD4+ T cells reverses hemarthrosis-induced liver damage. Degeneration of cartilage matrix induced by hemarthrosis upregulates serological type II collagen (COL II), which activates CD4+ T cells. Systemic application of a COL II antibody blocks the activation. Furthermore, bulk RNAseq and single-cell qPCR analysis revealed that the cartilage Akt pathway is inhibited by blood treatment. Intra-articular application of Akt activator blocks the cartilage degeneration and thus protects against the liver impairment in mouse and pig models. Taken together, our study revealed a pathological joint-liver axis mediated by matrikine-activated CD4+ T cells, which refreshes the organ-crosstalk axis and provides a new treatment target for hemarthrosis-related disease. Intra-articular bleeding induces cartilage degradation through down-reulation of cartilage Akt pathway. During this process, the soluble COL II released from the damaged cartilage can activate peripheral CD4+ T cells, differention into Th17 cells and secretion of IL-17, which consequently induces liver impairment. Intra-articular application of sc79 (inhibitor of Akt pathway) can prevent the cartilage damage as well as its peripheral influences.

Novel methods to diagnose rotator cuff tear and predict post-operative Re-tear: Radiomics models.

Objective: To validated a classifier to distinguish the status of rotator cuff tear and predict post-operative re-tear by utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers. Methods: This retrospective study included patients with healthy rotator cuff and patients diagnosed as rotator cuff tear (RCT) by MRI. Radiomics features were identified from the pre-operative shoulder MRI and selected by using maximum relevance minimum redundancy (MRMR) methods. A radiomics model for diagnosis of RCT was constructed, based on the 3D volume of interest (VOI) of supraspinatus. Another model for the prediction of rotator re-tear after rotator cuff repair (Re-RCT) was constructed based on VOI of humerus, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and other clinical parameters. Results: The model for diagnosing the status of RCT produced an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.989 in the training cohort and 0.979 for the validation cohort. The radiomics model for predicting Re-RCT produced an AUC of 0.923 ± 0.017 for the training dataset and 0.790 ± 0.082 for the validation dataset. The nomogram combining radiomics features and clinical factors yielded an AUC of 0.961 ± 0.020 for the training dataset and 0.808 ± 0.081 for the validation dataset, which displayed the best performance among all models. Conclusion: Radiomics models for the diagnosis of rotator cuff tear and prediction of post-operative Re-RCT yielded a decent prediction accuracy.

Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes for tendinopathy.

Tendinopathy is a debilitating and crippling syndrome resulting from the degeneration of tendon tissue, leading to loss of mechanical properties and function, and eventual tendon rupture. Unfortunately, there is currently no treatment for tendinopathy that can prevent or delay its progression. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that transport bioactive substances produced by cells, such as proteins, lipids, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, and DNA. They can generate by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) throughout the body and play a role in intercellular communication and regulation of homeostasis. Recent research suggests that MSCs-derived exosomes (MSCs-exos) may serve as useful therapeutic candidates for promoting tendon healing. This review focuses on the function and mechanisms of MSCs-exos in tendinopathy treatment and discusses their potential application for treating this condition.

Biomimetic Intrafibrillar Mineralization of Native Tendon for Soft-Hard Interface Integration by Infiltration of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Precursors.

Soft and hard tissues possess distinct biological properties. Integrating the soft-hard interface is difficult due to the inherent non-osteogenesis of soft tissue, especially of anterior cruciate ligament and rotator cuff reconstruction. This property makes it difficult for tendons to be mineralized and integrated with bone in vivo. To overcome this challenge, a biomimetic mineralization strategy is employed to engineer mineralized tendons. The strategy involved infiltrating amorphous calcium phosphate precursors into collagen fibrils, resulting in hydroxyapatite deposition along the c-axis. The mineralized tendon presented characteristics similar to bone tissue and induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Additionally, the interface between the newly formed bone and tendon is serrated, suggesting a superb integration between the two tissues. This strategy allows for biomineralization of tendon collagen and replicating the hallmarks of the bone matrix and extracellular niche, including nanostructure and inherent osteoinductive properties, ultimately facilitating the integration of soft and hard tissues.

Stem cell-based therapeutic strategies for rotator cuff tendinopathy.

Rotator cuff tendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal disorder that imposes significant health and economic burden. Stem cell therapy has brought hope for tendon healing in patients with final stage rotator cuff tendinopathy. Some clinical trials have confirmed the effectiveness of stem cell therapy for rotator cuff tendinopathy, but its application has not been promoted and approved. There are still many issues that should be solved prior to using stem cell therapy in clinical applications. The optimal source and dose of stem cells for rotator cuff tendinopathy should be determined. We also proposed novel prospective approaches that can overcome cell population heterogeneity and standardize patient types for stem cell applications. The translational potential of this article: This review explores the optimal sources of stem cells for rotator cuff tendinopathy and the principles for selecting stem cell dosages. Key strategies are provided for stem cell population standardization and recipient selection.

Animal model for tendinopathy.

Background: Tendinopathy is a common motor system disease that leads to pain and reduced function. Despite its prevalence, our mechanistic understanding is incomplete, leading to limited efficacy of treatment options. Animal models contribute significantly to our understanding of tendinopathy and some therapeutic options. However, the inadequacies of animal models are also evident, largely due to differences in anatomical structure and the complexity of human tendinopathy. Different animal models reproduce different aspects of human tendinopathy and are therefore suitable for different scenarios. This review aims to summarize the existing animal models of tendinopathy and to determine the situations in which each model is appropriate for use, including exploring disease mechanisms and evaluating therapeutic effects. Methods: We reviewed relevant literature in the PubMed database from January 2000 to December 2022 using the specific terms ((tendinopathy) OR (tendinitis)) AND (model) AND ((mice) OR (rat) OR (rabbit) OR (lapin) OR (dog) OR (canine) OR (sheep) OR (goat) OR (horse) OR (equine) OR (pig) OR (swine) OR (primate)). This review summarized different methods for establishing animal models of tendinopathy and classified them according to the pathogenesis they simulate. We then discussed the advantages and disadvantages of each model, and based on this, identified the situations in which each model was suitable for application. Results: For studies that aim to study the pathophysiology of tendinopathy, naturally occurring models, treadmill models, subacromial impingement models and metabolic models are ideal. They are closest to the natural process of tendinopathy in humans. For studies that aim to evaluate the efficacy of possible treatments, the selection should be made according to the pathogenesis simulated by the modeling method. Existing tendinopathy models can be classified into six types according to the pathogenesis they simulate: extracellular matrix synthesis-decomposition imbalance, inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic disorder, traumatism and mechanical load. Conclusions: The critical factor affecting the translational value of research results is whether the selected model is matched with the research purpose. There is no single optimal model for inducing tendinopathy, and researchers must select the model that is most appropriate for the study they are conducting. The translational potential of this article: The critical factor affecting the translational value of research results is whether the animal model used is compatible with the research purpose. This paper provides a rationale and practical guide for the establishment and selection of animal models of tendinopathy, which is helpful to improve the clinical transformation ability of existing models and develop new models.

Matrix stiffness-mediated tenogenesis of tendon stem/progenitor cells via integrin-αm for tendon regeneration.

Tendon injuries, commonly associated with sports activities, pose significant challenges in terms of treatment and recovery due to limited tendon regeneration and the formation of proliferative scars. Stem cell-based therapy has shown promising application, but there are still challenges. Physical and biological cues are instrumental in guiding stem cell differentiation and maturation. This study focuses on exploring the effects of matrix biomechanics on tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) differentiation. We fabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates with different elastic modulus to mimic the mechanical characteristics of healthy tendons. A tissue-engineered culture system was developed for tenogenesis, and pre-differentiated tissue-engineered tendons were transplanted in vivo to assess their efficacy in regenerating patella tendon injuries. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the biomechanical stimuli activated the integrin-αm to enhance the tenogenesis capacity of TSPCs. Our findings highlight the importance of biomechanics in tendon tissue engineering and provide a novel perspective for enhancing tendon regeneration.

MSdb: An integrated expression atlas of human musculoskeletal system.

The global prevalence and burden of musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders are immense. Advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have generated vast amounts of data, accelerating the research of pathological mechanisms and the development of therapeutic approaches for MSK disorders. However, scattered datasets across various repositories complicate uniform analysis and comparison. Here, we introduce MSdb, a database for visualization and integrated analysis of next-generation sequencing data from human musculoskeletal system, along with manually curated patient phenotype data. MSdb provides various types of analysis, including sample-level browsing of metadata information, gene/miRNA expression, and single-cell RNA-seq dataset. In addition, MSdb also allows integrated analysis for cross-samples and cross-omics analysis, including customized differentially expressed gene/microRNA analysis, microRNA-gene network, scRNA-seq cross-sample/disease integration, and gene regulatory network analysis. Overall, systematic categorizing, standardized processing, and freely accessible knowledge features MSdb a valuable resource for MSK research community.

Advanced silk materials for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration.

Musculoskeletal diseases are the leading causes of chronic pain and physical disability, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in the field of bone and cartilage tissue engineering to combat the limitations of conventional treatments. Among various materials used in musculoskeletal tissue regeneration, silk biomaterials exhibit unique mechanical robustness, versatility, favorable biocompatibility, and tunable biodegradation rate. As silk is an easy-to-process biopolymer, silks have been reformed into various materials formats using advanced bio-fabrication technology for the design of cell niches. Silk proteins also offer active sites for chemical modifications to facilitate musculoskeletal system regeneration. With the emergence of genetic engineering techniques, silk proteins have been further optimized from the molecular level with other functional motifs to introduce new advantageous biological properties. In this review, we highlight the frontiers in engineering natural and recombinant silk biomaterials, as well as recent progress in the applications of these new silks in the field of bone and cartilage regeneration. The future potentials and challenges of silk biomaterials in musculoskeletal tissue engineering are also discussed. This review brings together perspectives from different fields and provides insight into improved musculoskeletal engineering.

Transcriptomes of Testes at Different Developmental Stages in the Opsariichthys bidens Predict Key Genes for Testis Development and Spermatogenesis.

Testis development is a complex process involving multiple genes, and the molecular mechanisms underlying testis development in Opsariichthys bidens remain unclear. We performed transcriptome sequencing analysis on a total of 12 samples of testes from stages II, III, IV, and V of O. bidens and obtained a total of 79.52 Gb clean data, as well as 288,573 transcripts and 116,215 unigenes. Differential expression analysis showed that 22,857 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened in six comparison groups (III vs. II, IV vs. II, V vs. II, IV vs. III, V vs. III, and V vs. IV). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that six comparison groups were significantly enriched for a total of 20 significantly up- or down-regulated pathways, including six pathways related to signal transduction, three pathways related to energy metabolism, five pathways related to disease, and two pathways related to ribosomes. Furthermore, our investigation revealed that DEGs were enriched in several important functional pathways, such as Huntington's disease signaling pathway, TGF-ß signaling pathway, and ribosome signaling pathway. Protein-protein interaction network analysis of DEGs identified 63 up-regulated hub genes, including 9 kinesin genes and 2 cytoplasmic dynein genes, and 39 down-regulated hub genes, including 13 ribosomal protein genes. This result contributes to the knowledge of spermatogenesis and testis development in O. bidens.

Genome-wide characterization of the cytosolic sulfotransferase 1B member 1 (SULT1B1) family and its expression responses to sulfide stress in the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta.

The razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta), a typical burrowing organism in the intertidal zones, is often exposed to sulfide environment and shows strong sulfide tolerance. Located downstream of the sulfur metabolism pathway, cytosolic sulfotransferase family 1B member 1 (SULT1B1) is a key enzyme catalysing the sulfonation reaction, and plays an important role in the biotransformation of endogenous substances such as thyroid hormones (THs). To investigate their roles in sulfide resistance, a systematic analysis of S. constricta SULT1B1s (ScSULT1B1s), including genomic distribution, phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, conserved motifs, and expression profiles under sulfide stress, was performed. A total of 10 ScSULT1B1 genes were found in the S. constricta genome. Sequence analysis showed that ScSULT1B1 gene family encoded 155-425 amino acids, containing four catalytic active sites (K, N, H, and S), one PAPS binding domain at the N-terminus, and one PAPS binding and dimerization domain at the C-terminus. The spatial-temporal expression patterns of ScSULT1B1s were further estimated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Among them, partial ScSULT1B1s showed significantly high expression in the gill, hepatopancreas, and siphon. Furthermore, the response expression of certain ScSULT1B1s significantly fluctuated under sulfide stress. Together, our results suggest that ScSULT1B1s, by mediating the sulfonation reaction, may regulate THs levels to maintain basic metabolic and immune functions, making S. constricta highly sulfide tolerant.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Head Kidney of Aeromonas hydrophila-infected Hypoxia-tolerant and Normal Large Yellow Croaker.

The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is one of the most economically important marine fish on the southeast coast of China and much of its yield is usually lost by hypoxia. To address this problem and lay a foundation for culturing a new strain of large yellow croaker with hypoxia tolerance, our research group screened a hypoxia-tolerant population of L. crocea. Surprisingly, we also found that hypoxia-tolerant population exhibited higher survival when infected with pathogens compared to the normal population during the farming operation. In order to understand the mechanism underlying the higher survival rate of the hypoxia-tolerant population and enrich the head kidney immune mechanism of L. crocea infected with pathogens, we compared and analyzed the head kidney transcriptome of the hypoxia-tolerant and normal individuals under Aeromonas hydrophila infection. We obtained 159.68 GB high-quality reads, of which more than 87.61% were successfully localized to the reference genome of L. crocea. KEGG analysis revealed differentially expressed genes in the signaling pathways involving immunity, cell growth and death, transport and catabolism, and metabolism. Among these, the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Nod-like receptor signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, phagosome, apoptosis, and OXPHOS pathways were enriched in both groups after infection compared to before, and were enriched in infected tolerant individuals compared to normal individuals. In addition, we found that the expression of hif1α and its downstream genes were higher in the hypoxia-sensitive group of fish than in the normal group. In conclusion, our results showed some signaling pathways and hub genes, which may participate in A. hydrophila defense in the head kidney of two populations, and may contribute to the higher survival rate in the hypoxia-tolerant population. Overall, these findings increase our understanding of the defense mechanism within the head kidney of L. crocea under A. hydrophila infection, and suggest a preliminary hypothesis for why hypoxia-tolerant individuals may exhibit a higher survival rates after infection. Our study provides scientific evidence for the breeding of a new hypoxia-tolerant strain of L. crocea for aquaculture.

Arthroscopic Superior Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears Results in Significant Improvements in Patient Reported Outcomes and Range of Motion: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the clinical outcomes (with the minimum mean follow-up period of 2 years) of arthroscopic superior capsular reconstruction (ASCR) using different grafts for massive irreparable rotator cuff tears (MIRCTs) and to explore whether margin convergence in ASCR affects range of motion (ROM) outcomes. Methods: This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO and was then conducted following PRISMA guidelines by searching the databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library database before April 2021. These literature searches investigating the clinical outcomes of ASCR were included. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the MINORS criteria. The data, including margin convergence, patient-reported outcome scores, range of motion, and complications, were extracted and analyzed. The minimal clinically important differences (MCID) criteria was used to define clinical significance. Results: 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. All studies reported statistically significant improvements in visual analog scale scores (range: 2.07 to 7.1) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores (range: 18.1 to 58). Significant improvements of Constant scores were noted in 4 of 5 reporting studies (mean improvement ranged from 14.64 to 50.79). Active forward flexion/elevation (11 studies), active abduction (4 studies), and active external rotation (8 studies) displayed improvements in all reporting studies, with mean changes ranging from 12 to 73.68, 19 to 89.21, and 1 to 24.74, respectively. The mean change of postoperative acromiohumeral distance ranged from -0.86 mm to 3.2 mm in 9 studies. The postoperative complication rate of ASCR ranged from 4.5% to 47.6%. The anterior margin convergence in SCR was associated with a relatively poor improvement in active external rotation. Conclusions: ASCR contributes to significant improvements in patient-reported clinical outcomes and ROM at follow-up after a mean of more than two years, emerging as a viable option for patients with MIRCTs. The anterior margin convergence should be prudently chosen, especially in ASCR using fascia lata autograft, on account of the probable restriction on postoperative active external rotation. Level of Evidence: Level IV, systematic review of Level III and IV studies.

TET enzymes regulate skeletal development through increasing chromatin accessibility of RUNX2 target genes.

The Ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases mediate cytosine demethylation by catalyzing the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC). TET-mediated DNA demethylation controls the proper differentiation of embryonic stem cells and TET members display functional redundancy during early gastrulation. However, it is unclear if TET proteins have functional significance in mammalian skeletal development. Here, we report that Tet genes deficiency in mesoderm mesenchymal stem cells results in severe defects of bone development. The existence of any single Tet gene allele can support early bone formation, suggesting a functional redundancy of TET proteins. Integrative analyses of RNA-seq, Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS), 5hmC-Seal and Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin (ATAC-seq) demonstrate that TET-mediated demethylation increases the chromatin accessibility of target genes by RUNX2 and facilities RUNX2-regulated transcription. In addition, TET proteins interact with RUNX2 through their catalytic domain to regulate cytosine methylation around RUNX2 binding region. The catalytic domain is indispensable for TET enzymes to regulate RUNX2 transcription activity on its target genes and to regulate bone development. These results demonstrate that TET enzymes function to regulate RUNX2 activity and maintain skeletal homeostasis.

The potential function of KIF17 in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) spermatid remodeling: molecular characterization and expression pattern during spermiogenesis.

KIF17, which belongs to the kinesin-2 protein family, plays an indispensable role in mammalian spermiogenesis. However, the role of KIF17 in fish spermatid remodeling during spermiogenesis remains poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to study the role of KIF17 in spermatid remodeling during Larimichthys crocea (L. crocea) spermiogenesis. The kif17 cDNA sequence, 3247 bp in length, was cloned from L. crocea testis, which consisted of a 347-bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), 413-bp 3' -UTR, and 2487-bp open reading frame. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that KIF17 obtained from L. crocea (Lc-KIF17) exhibited a high sequence identity compared with those from other teleosts and possessed the structural features of other kinesin-2 proteins. Based on structural similarity, we speculate that the role of Lc-KIF17 may be similar to that of KIF17 in other animals. Lc-kif17 mRNA was diffusely expressed in L. crocea tissues and was highly expressed in the testis, especially at stage IV testicular development. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that Lc-KIF17 signals colocalized with ß-tubulin signals and migrated from the perinuclear cytoplasm to the side of the nucleus where the tail forms during spermiogenesis. These findings revealed that KIF17 may be involved in L. crocea spermiogenesis. In particular, KIF17 may participate in spermatid remodeling by interacting with perinuclear microtubules during L. crocea spermiogenesis. Collectively, this study contributes to an improved understanding of the mechanism underlying L. crocea spermiogenesis and provides a basis for further research on L. crocea reproduction and development.

A Cd9+Cd271+ stem/progenitor population and the SHP2 pathway contribute to neonatal-to-adult switching that regulates tendon maturation.

Tendon maturation lays the foundation for postnatal tendon development, its proper mechanical function, and regeneration, but the critical cell populations and the entangled mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, by integrating the structural, mechanical, and molecular properties, we show that post-natal days 7-14 are the crucial transitional stage for mouse tendon maturation. We decode the cellular and molecular regulatory networks at the single-cell level. We find that a nerve growth factor (NGF)-secreting Cd9+Cd271+ tendon stem/progenitor cell population mainly prompts conversion from neonate to adult tendon. Through single-cell gene regulatory network analysis, in vitro inhibitor identification, and in vivo tendon-specific Shp2 deletion, we find that SHP2 signaling is a regulator for tendon maturation. Our research comprehensively reveals the dynamic cell population transition during tendon maturation, implementing insights into the critical roles of the maturation-related stem cell population and SHP2 signaling pathway during tendon differentiation and regeneration.

Evaluating dynamic effects of dietary glycerol monolaurate on the productive performance and flesh quality of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea).

The effects of GML (Glycerol monolaurate) supplementation with two level (0.5 and 1.0 g kg-1) on the productive performance and flesh quality of large yellow croaker (360 per group) were investigated during feeding (23,50-days) and fasting stage (23,70-days). The GML supplementation significantly increased body weight after 23-days and crude protein, inosinic acid, and yellowness after 50-days. Moreover, it increased hardness, springiness, and chewiness by increasing the collagen content, myofiber density, and decreasing myofiber diameter. The high GML supplementation increased the total free amino acids, delicate amino acids, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), and EPA + DHA, whereas it decreased the content of saturated fatty acids/unsaturated fatty acids (SFA/UFA). During fasting, better body shape and color were shown were shown at high GML supplementation. Conclusively, high dose GML supplementation exerted promising effects on the productive performance and flesh quality of large yellow croaker.

Comparison of Tendon Development Versus Tendon Healing and Regeneration.

Tendon is a vital connective tissue in human skeletal muscle system, and tendon injury is very common and intractable in clinic. Tendon development and repair are two closely related but still not fully understood processes. Tendon development involves multiple germ layer, as well as the regulation of diversity transcription factors (Scx et al.), proteins (Tnmd et al.) and signaling pathways (TGFß et al.). The nature process of tendon repair is roughly divided in three stages, which are dominated by various cells and cell factors. This review will describe the whole process of tendon development and compare it with the process of tendon repair, focusing on the understanding and recent advances in the regulation of tendon development and repair. The study and comparison of tendon development and repair process can thus provide references and guidelines for treatment of tendon injuries.

Dicyanisophorone-based near-infrared fluorescent probe for the detection of thiophenol and its application in living cells and actual water samples.

This article reports a new type of dicyanisophorone-based near-infrared fluorescent probe for the rapid detection of mercaptophenol by introducing 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonate group as a specific recognition group for thiophenol. The probe has a significant large Stokes shift (185 nm). At the same time, it exhibits rapid response, high selectivity and high sensitivity to thiophene. In addition, the fluorescence of the probe at 650 nm has a good linear relationship with the concentration of thiophenol in the range of 0-100 µM, and the detection limit is as low as 65 nM. The probe has been successfully applied to the detection of thiophenol in actual water samples, and has good live cell imaging effects, and at the same time shows the superiority of its low cell toxicity.