Sports injuries in high-level aerobic gymnastics athletes / Lesões esportivas em atletas de ginástica aeróbica de alto nível / Lesiones deportivas en atletas de gimnasia aeróbica de alto nivel

ABSTRACT Introduction: With the rapid development of aerobic gymnastics worldwide, research is required to constantly increase. Objective: Analyze the main causes of sports injuries, proposing measures for prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation, as well as providing a theoretical basis for reducing the risk of sports injuries and actively seeking ways and measures to prevent and treat sports injuries in aerobic gymnastics athletes. Methods: Statistical-mathematical analysis was used, mainly including the coefficient of variation method, correlation matrix method, and factor analysis. The common variable of the trend of sports injuries was found. Results: The research shows that the scientific awareness, self-protection, and injury prevention of aerobic gymnastics training strengthen the ideological education and theoretical guidance of athletes, improve athletes' awareness of sports injuries, regulate technical specifications, strengthen fitness training and improve Chinese competitive aerobics. Conclusion: In the healthy period before injuries, we should take various measures to improve physical fitness and skills, enabling good health work in the acute period after injuries and understanding the working principle of early diagnosis and treatment to better use treatment time. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Com o rápido desenvolvimento da ginástica aeróbica no mundo, é requisitado o aumento no nível das pesquisas constantemente. Objeto: Analisar as principais causas de lesões esportivas, propondo medidas de prevenção, tratamento e reabilitação, além de fornecer uma base teórica para reduzir o risco de lesões esportivas e buscar ativamente formas e medidas para prevenir e tratar lesões esportivas em atletas de ginástica aeróbica. Métodos: Foi utilizada uma análise estatística-matemática, principalmente incluindo o método de coeficiente de variação, método de matriz de correlação e análise de fatores. Encontrou-se a variável comum da tendência das lesões esportivas. Resultados: A pesquisa mostra que a consciência científica, autoproteção e prevenção de lesões dos métodos de treinamento de ginástica aeróbica fortalece a educação ideológica e a orientação teórica dos atletas, melhora a consciência dos atletas sobre lesões esportivas, regula especificações técnicas, fortalece o treinamento de aptidão física e melhora a aeróbica competitiva chinesa. Conclusão: No período saudável antes das lesões, devemos tomar várias medidas para aprimorar a aptidão física e as habilidades, permitindo um bom trabalho de saúde no período agudo após as lesões, compreendendo o princípio de trabalho de diagnóstico e tratamento precoces para aproveitar melhor o tempo de tratamento. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Con el rápido desarrollo de la gimnasia aeróbica en el mundo, es necesario aumentar constantemente el nivel de investigación. Objetivo: Analizar las principales causas de las lesiones deportivas, proponiendo medidas de prevención, tratamiento y rehabilitación, así como proporcionar una base teórica para reducir el riesgo de lesiones deportivas y buscar activamente formas y medidas para prevenir y tratar las lesiones deportivas en los deportistas de gimnasia aeróbica. Métodos: Se utilizó el análisis estadístico-matemático, que incluye principalmente el método del coeficiente de variación, el método de la matriz de correlación y el análisis factorial. Se encontró la variable común de la tendencia de las lesiones deportivas. Resultados: La investigación muestra que la concienciación científica, la autoprotección y la prevención de lesiones de los métodos de entrenamiento de la gimnasia aeróbica refuerzan la educación ideológica y la orientación teórica de los atletas, mejoran la concienciación de los atletas sobre las lesiones deportivas, regulan las especificaciones técnicas, refuerzan el entrenamiento físico y mejoran el aeróbic de competición chino. Conclusión: En el período de salud antes de la lesión, debemos tomar varias medidas para mejorar la aptitud física y las habilidades, lo que permite un buen trabajo de salud en el período agudo después de la lesión, la comprensión del principio de trabajo de diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano para hacer un mejor uso del tiempo de tratamiento. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Carbanion as a Superbase for Catalyzing Thiol⁻Epoxy Photopolymerization.

Photobase generator (PBG)-mediated thiol⁻epoxy photopolymerization has received widedspread attention due to its versatility in various applications. Currently, nearly all reported PBGs release amines as active species. The formed amines induce odor, yellowing, and potential toxicity. In this study, a series of novel thioxanthone-based PBGs, which were able to generate carbanion via decarboxylation under LED light irradiation, were designed and straightforwardly prepared. The formed carbanion can be used as a superbase to catalyze thiol⁻epoxy polymerization efficiently. Investigation on ¹H NMR and FT-IR confirmed the generation of carbanion intermediates. The counteranion significantly affected the photodecarboxylation efficiency. The study of photopolymerization tests, based on real-time FT-IR and dielectric analysis measurements, indicated that the generated carbanion exhibited faster polymerization rate and higher epoxy conversion than traditional superbase 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). In differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric, and nanoindentation tests, comparable thermal and mechanical properties of the photocured films catalyzed by novel PBGs were obtained. The high initiation ability combined with straightforward synthesis makes these PBGs promising candidates for commercialization.

Cleavage of neuregulin-1 by BACE1 or ADAM10 protein produces differential effects on myelination.

Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) is encoded by a single gene and exists in naturally secreted and transmembrane isoforms. Nrg1 exerts its signaling activity through interaction with its cognate ErbB receptors. Multiple membrane-anchored Nrg1 isoforms, present in six different membrane topologies, must be processed by a protease to initiate a signaling cascade. Here, we demonstrate that BACE1 and ADAM10 can process type I and III Nrg1 at two adjacent sites. Our cleavage site mapping experiments showed that the BACE1 cleavage site is located eight amino acids downstream of the ADAM10 cleavage site, and this order of cleavage is the opposite of amyloid precursor protein cleavage by these two enzymes. Cleavages were further confirmed via optimized electrophoresis. Cleavage of type I or III Nrg1 by ADAM10 and BACE1 released a signaling-capable N-terminal fragment (ntf), either Nrg1-ntfα or Nrg1-ntfß, which could similarly activate an ErbB receptor as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, two downstream signaling molecules. Although both Nrg1-ntfα and Nrg1-ntfß could initiate a common signaling cascade, inhibition or down-regulation of ADAM10 alone in a co-culture system did not affect normal myelination, whereas specific inhibition of BACE1 impaired normal myelination. Thus, processing of Nrg1 by BACE1 appears to be more critical for regulating myelination. Our results imply that a significant inhibition of BACE1 could potentially impair Nrg1 signaling activity in vivo.

Suppression of malignant growth of human breast cancer cells by ectopic expression of integrin-linked kinase.

Allelic loss at the short arm of chromosome 11 is one of the most common and potent events in the progression and metastasis of breast cancer. Here, we present evidence that the Integrin-Linked Kinase (ILK) gene maps to the commonly deleted chromosome 11p15.5 and suppresses malignant growth of human breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. ILK is expressed in normal breast tissue but is downregulated in metastatic breast cancer cell lines and in advanced breast cancers. Transfection of wild-type ILK into the MDA-MB-435 mammary carcinoma cells potently suppressed their growth and invasiveness in vitro and reduced the cells' ability to induce tumors and metastasize in athymic nude mice. Conversely, expression of the ankyrin repeat or catalytic domain mutants of ILK failed to suppress the growth of these cells. Growth suppression by ILK is not due to apoptosis but is mediated by its ability to block cell-cycle progression in the G1 phase and by modulating the levels of integrins. These findings directly demonstrate that ILK deficiency facilitates neoplastic growth and invasion and suggest a novel role for the ILK gene in the suppression of tumor metastasis.

Characterization of rhodamine conjugated Agiotensin II peptide: synthesis, analysis and receptor binding and internalization.

The results in this study show that the rhodamine fluorophore can be specifically conjugated to Angiotensin II at Lys3 residue (substituted for a Val) without altering the biological activity of the parent compound. The conjugated peptide was characterized using HPLC, mass spectrometry, and N-terminal sequencing. The rhodamine-Angiotensin II binds effectively to AT1 receptor and gets internalized in clathrin coated vesicles by endocytosis. These results clearly suggest the usefulness of fluorophore-conjugated peptides in studies such as, ligand-receptor binding, and ligand-receptor complex internalization, for drug delivery using cell receptors and as an alternative to peptide hormone radioimmunoassays.