A tin porphyrin axially-coordinated two-dimensional covalent organic polymer for efficient hydrogen evolution.

Herein, we demonstrate a facile strategy for constructing an efficient and stable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst, i.e. a tin porphyrin axially-coordinated 2D covalent organic polymer (SnTPPCOP). SnTPPCOP exhibits promising HER activity with a low overpotential of 147 mV at 10 mA cm-2 due to its unique structural properties, ranking among the best records reported recently.

Synergistic optimization promoted overall water splitting of CoSe@NiSe2@MoS2 heterostructured composites.

Herein, the preparation of CoSe@NiSe2@MoS2 composites and the systematic investigation of their water splitting performance as a function of composition have been demonstrated. CoSe@NiSe2@MoS2-12 with the optimized composition exhibits a current density of 10 mA cm-2 at overpotentials of 81 and 170 mV for HER and OER in alkaline conditions, respectively. The overall water splitting device built using CoSe@NiSe2@MoS2-12 exhibited a low voltage of 1.48 V at 10 mA cm-2 due to the synergistic effects.

Enhanced optical limiting and hydrogen evolution of graphene oxide nanohybrids covalently functionalized by covalent organic polymer based on porphyrin.

Herein, we report a novel graphene oxide (GO) nanohybrid covalently functionalized by covalent organic polymer (COP) based on porphyrin (GO-TPPCOP), as the optical limiter and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst. The GO-TPPCOP nanohybrid exhibits markedly enhanced optical limiting and HER activity over that of TPP, GO and TPPCOP alone. More importantly, the optical limiting property and HER activity of GO-TPPCOP nanohybrid are comparable to the state-of-the-art activity of materials from some previous reports. The possible mechanisms of optical limiting and HER are explored by various means, including UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence, photocurrent, electrochemical impedance spectra and Raman spectroscopic techniques. It is demonstrated that the synergistic effect and charge transfer between GO and TPPCOP are important factors in determining its optical limiting and HER performances. These results demonstrate a new strategy to design and develop functional nanohybrids for efficient optical limiting and HER activity by the covalent linkage of GO with COPs.

Rational design of FeOx-MoP@MWCNT composite electrocatalysts toward efficient overall water splitting.

Herein, a series of FeOx-MoP@MWCNT composite electrocatalysts was designed and prepared to investigate the influence of the content of FeOx on the water splitting performance. The optimized FeOx-MoP@MWCNTs-2 exhibits excellent hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction activity while a cell voltage of 1.51 V with outstanding stability is attained, attributed to the synergistic effect of each component, as evidenced by the experimental and density functional theory results. The observed electrocatalytic activity outperforms current state-of-the-art non-precious metal electrocatalysts.

Electrochemical hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions from a cobalt-porphyrin-based covalent organic polymer.

Covalent organic polymers have attracted much attention due to their high specific surface area, superlative porosity, and diversity in electronic structure. Herein, a novel porous cobalt-porphyrin-based covalent organic polymer (CoCOP) is fabricated through the Schiff-base condensation reaction, which is used as a difunctional electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The CoCOP possesses a high surface area and strong synergistic effect between the cobalt-porphyrins and the CN groups, resulting in efficient HER and OER performances. The CoCOP required relatively low overpotentials for both HER (121 mV to reach 1.0 mA cm-2 and 310 mV to reach 10 mA cm-2) and OER (166 mV to reach 1.0 mA cm-2 and 350 mV to reach 10 mA cm-2) in alkaline media. This work may provide a new idea for the design of non-noble metal-based coordination polymers with excellent structure and high electrocatalytic performance.

Chronic stress induces fur color change from dark to brown by decreasing follicle melanocytes and tyrosinase activity in female C57BL/6 mice.

Increasing evidence suggests that stress may induce changes in hair color, with the underlying mechanism incompletely understood. In this study, female C57BL/6 mice subjected to electric foot shock combined with restraint stress were used to build chronic stress mouse model. The melanin contents and tyrosinase activity were measured in mouse skin and B16F10 melanoma cells. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the content of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin- 1ß (IL-1ß) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the mouse skin. The content of nuclear factor κB (NFκB)/p65 subunit in mouse skins was valued by immunofluorescence staining. The results demonstrated that under chronic stress, the fur color turned from dark to brown in C57BL/6 mice due to the decrease of follicle melanocytes and tyrosinase activity in C57BL/6 mouse skin. Simultaneously, inflammatory responses in skins were detected as shown by increased NFκB activity and TNF-α expression in stressed mouse skin. In cultured B16F10 melanoma cells, TNF-α reduced the melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate that chronic stress induces fur color change by decreasing follicle melanocytes and tyrosinase activity in female C57BL/6 mice, and TNF-α may play an important role in stress-induced hair color change.

Effects of hydrogen-rich water on depressive-like behavior in mice.

Emerging evidence suggests that neuroinflammation and oxidative stress may be major contributors to major depressive disorder (MDD). Patients or animal models of depression show significant increase of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and oxidative stress biomarkers in the periphery or central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies show that hydrogen selectively reduces cytotoxic oxygen radicals, and hydrogen-rich saline potentially suppresses the production of several proinflammatory mediators. Since current depression medications are accompanied by a wide spectrum of side effects, novel preventative or therapeutic measures with fewer side effects might have a promising future. We investigated the effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on the depressive-like behavior in mice and its underlying mechanisms. Our study show that hydrogen-rich water treatment prevents chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) induced depressive-like behavior. CUMS induced elevation in IL-1ß protein levels in the hippocampus, and the cortex was significantly attenuated after 4 weeks of feeding the mice hydrogen-rich water. Over-expression of caspase-1 (the IL-1ß converting enzyme) and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) was successfully suppressed by hydrogen-rich water treatment. Our data suggest that the beneficial effects of hydrogen-rich water on depressive-like behavior may be mediated by suppression of the inflammasome activation resulting in attenuated protein IL-1ß and ROS production.

High-mobility group box-1 was released actively and involved in LPS induced depressive-like behavior.

Depression disorder is a common mental illness, of which the pathogenesis is not well understood. Studies suggest that immunity imbalance and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines may be associated with the pathogenesis of depression. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) has gained much attention as an important player in innate immune responses and an modulating factor in several inflammatory diseases. Here we sought to explore the role of HMGB1 in the development of depression. Depression model was established with low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Depressive behavior was reflected with increased immobility time in tail suspension test. Accompanying with depressive-like behavior, translocation of HMGB1 from nuclei to cytoplasm was observed by immunofluorescence assays. Meanwhile, no significant necrosis was observed evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. These data indicated that HMGB1 was released actively in the central nervous system. In addition, treating the mice with human recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1) could induce the development of depressive-like behavior. Blockage of HMGB1 with GZA abrogated the depressive-like behavior induced by LPS or rHMGB1. These results implicated that HMGB1 was involved in LPS-induced depressive-like behavior.

Yoga for prenatal depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal depression can negatively affect the physical and mental health of both mother and fetus. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of yoga as an intervention in the management of prenatal depression. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted by searching PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and PsycINFO from all retrieved articles describing such trials up to July 2014. RESULTS: Six RCTs were identified in the systematic search. The sample consisted of 375 pregnant women, most of whom were between 20 and 40 years of age. The diagnoses of depression were determined by their scores on Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. When compared with comparison groups (e.g., standard prenatal care, standard antenatal exercises, social support, etc.), the level of depression statistically significantly reduced in yoga groups (standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.94 to -0.25; p = 0.0007). One subgroup analysis revealed that both the levels of depressive symptoms in prenatally depressed women (SMD, -0.46; CI, -0.90 to -0.03; p = 0.04) and non-depressed women (SMD, -0.87; CI, -1.22 to -0.52; p < 0.00001) were statistically significantly lower in yoga group than that in control group. There were two kinds of yoga: the physical-exercise-based yoga and integrated yoga, which, besides physical exercises, included pranayama, meditation or deep relaxation. Therefore, the other subgroup analysis was conducted to estimate effects of the two kinds of yoga on prenatal depression. The results showed that the level of depression was significantly decreased in the integrated yoga group (SMD, -0.79; CI, -1.07 to -0.51; p < 0.00001) but not significantly reduced in physical-exercise-based yoga group (SMD, -0.41; CI, -1.01 to -0.18; p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal yoga intervention in pregnant women may be effective in partly reducing depressive symptoms.

NLRP3 Inflammasome Mediates Chronic Mild Stress-Induced Depression in Mice via Neuroinflammation.

BACKGROUND: Evidence from both clinical and experimental research indicates that the immune-brain interaction plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of depression. A multi-protein complex of the innate immune system, the NLRP3 inflammasome regulates cleavage and secretion of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1ß. The inflammasome detects various pathogen-associated molecule patterns and damage-associated molecule patterns, which then leads to a series of immune-inflammatory reactions. METHODS: To explore the role of inflammasome activation in the underlying biological mechanisms of depression, we established a mouse model of depression with unpredictable chronic mild stress. RESULTS: Mice subjected to chronic mild stress for 4 weeks had significantly higher serum corticosterone levels, serum interleukin-1ß levels, and hippocampal active interleukin-1ß protein levels. They also displayed depressive-like symptoms, including decreased sucrose preference and increased immobility time. Moreover, the hippocampi of chronic mild stress-exposed mice had significantly higher activity of caspase-1, which accompanied by higher protein levels of NLRP3 and the apoptotic speck-containing protein with a card. Pretreatment with the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor VX-765 decreased serum and hippocampal levels of interleukin-1ß protein and significantly moderated the depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic mild stress. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest the NLRP3 inflammasome mediates stress-induced depression via immune activation. Future procedures targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome may have promising effects in the prevention and treatment of depression.

Involvement of inflammasome activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced mice depressive-like behaviors.

AIMS: The NLRP3 inflammasome is a cytoplasmic multiprotein complex of the innate immune system that regulates the cleavage of interleukin-1ß and interleukin-18 precursors. It can detect a wide range of danger signals and trigger a series of immune-inflammatory reactions. There were plenty of studies indicating that activation of the immune system played pivotal roles in depression. However, the underlying mechanisms of immune-depression interactions remained elusive and there was no report about the involvement of inflammasome activation in depression. METHODS: We established an acute depression mouse model with lipopolysaccharide to explore the involvement of inflammasome activation in depression. RESULTS: The lipopolysaccharide-treated mice displayed depressive-like behaviors and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1ß protein and mRNA levels significantly increased. The NLRP3 inflammasome mRNA expression level also significantly elevated in depressed mice brain. Pretreatment with the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK significantly abrogated the depressive-like behaviors induced by lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSION: These data suggest for the first time that the NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced mice depressive-like behaviors. The NLRP3 inflammasome may be a central mediator between immune activation and depression, which raises the possibility that it may be a more specific target for the depression treatments in the near future.

Recommendations from friends anytime and anywhere: toward a model of contextual offer and consumption values.

The ubiquity and portability of mobile devices provide additional opportunities for information retrieval. People can easily access mobile applications anytime and anywhere when they need to acquire specific context-aware recommendations (contextual offer) from their friends. This study, thus, represents an initial attempt to understand users' acceptance of a mobile-based social reviews platform, where recommendations from friends can be obtained with mobile devices. Based on the consumption value theory, a theoretical model is proposed and empirically examined using survey data from 218 mobile users. The findings demonstrate that contextual offers based on users' profiles, access time, and geographic positions significantly predict their value perceptions (utilitarian, hedonic, and social), which, in turn, affect their intention to use a mobile social reviews platform. This study is also believed to provide some useful insights to both research and practice.