Strengthening primary health care for the prevention and management of cardiometabolic disease in low- and middle-income countries

The Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies is a collaborative partnership which supports and promotes evidence-informed health policy making in the Asia Pacific Region. Based in WHO’s Regional Office for South-East Asia, it brings together governments, international agencies, foundations, civil society and the research community with the aim of linking systematic and scientific analysis of health systems in the Asia Pacific Region with the decision-makers who shape policy and practice.

Influencing factors of health seeking intention among patients with type 2 diabetes in Chongqing Chronic Disease Management System / 复旦学报（医学版）

Objective To investigate the health seeking intention and its influencing factors among patients with type 2 diabetes in Chongqing Chronic Disease Management System.Methods Multistage cluster random sampling was used to investigate basic information,diabetes-related treatment situation including first heal seeking and reasons for choosing medical institutions in the last year.Relative risk ratios (RRR) and its influencing factors were analyzed with the method of multi-nominal Logistic regression,as community as a reference.Results Over the past year,38.02％ of type 2 diabetes patients preferred to hospitals above the county level,36.78％ preferred to pharmacy or clinics,and 25.21％ preferred to community health service centers.Univariate analysis showed that different education levels,family income levels,health insurance and therapies were significantly different from health seeking intention.Multi-nominal Logistic regression results indicated that higher educational level (RRR =2.39,95％ CI:1.20-4.78),higher income level (RRR =3.37,95％CI:1.44 -7.88),applying to specific diseases medical insurance (RRR =3.32,95 ％CI:1.72-6.42),the use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents (RRR =5.02,95％CI:1.15-22.00) of respondents were more inclined to the hospitals above the county level,rather than community health services.Conclusions Health seeking intention of type 2 diabetes patients preferred to hospital above the county level in Chongqing.Type 2 diabetes was an important disease of non-infectious chronic diseases,while the patients preferred go to utilize hospitals rather than community services.

[Influencing factors of diabetic patients applying for specific disease health insurance and its treatment cost].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the treatment costs on type 2 diabetes between patients with and without specific diseases health insurance, and to identify the influencing factors related to specific diseases health insurance application. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was used to investigate basic information, diabetes-related pharmacy, outpatient and inpatient treatment costs. SAS9.1 software was used for statistical analysis. The enumeration data was analyzed by using Chi-square test, and variables of statistical difference were bought into Logistic regression model through stepwise method. Continuous variables were represented by median(inter-quartile range)[M(Q)], and were analyzed by using Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: Compared with patients without specific disease health insurance in outpatient group, patients with specific disease health insurance had higher annual per capita total cost [2160(3081) vs 1000(2100) yuan, P<0.01] and lower out-of-pocket expense ratio [54.04% vs 93.78%, P<0.01]. Patients with middle or high level income (OR=1.94 and 2.11), participated in urban employee basic medical insurance (OR=4.19) and duration of disease >5 years (OR=2.04) were more likely to succeed in specific diseases health insurance application. CONCLUSION: To reduce the financial burden of patients with type 2 diabetes, government should make huge efforts to promote specific disease health insurance policies, and encourage patients to apply for it. Meanwhile, medical insurance department and medical institutions should reinforce supervision and simplify the application process. To improve the availability of specific disease health insurance, the number and coverage of designated retail pharmacies should be increased. Besides, government should pay more attention to low-income patients and those with short duration diabetes, so as to enhance their ability to resist economic risks and reflect the fairness of specific disease health insurance.

Influencing factors of diabetic patients applying for specific disease health insurance and its treatment cost / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the treatment costs on type 2 diabetes between patients with and without specific diseases health insurance, and to identify the influencing factors related to specific diseases health insurance application.@*METHODS@#A structured questionnaire was used to investigate basic information, diabetes-related pharmacy, outpatient and inpatient treatment costs. SAS9.1 software was used for statistical analysis. The enumeration data was analyzed by using Chi-square test, and variables of statistical difference were bought into Logistic regression model through stepwise method. Continuous variables were represented by median(inter-quartile range)[M(Q)], and were analyzed by using Wilcoxon test.@*RESULTS@#Compared with patients without specific disease health insurance in outpatient group, patients with specific disease health insurance had higher annual per capita total cost [2160(3081) vs 1000(2100) yuan, P5 years (OR=2.04) were more likely to succeed in specific diseases health insurance application.@*CONCLUSION@#To reduce the financial burden of patients with type 2 diabetes, government should make huge efforts to promote specific disease health insurance policies, and encourage patients to apply for it. Meanwhile, medical insurance department and medical institutions should reinforce supervision and simplify the application process. To improve the availability of specific disease health insurance, the number and coverage of designated retail pharmacies should be increased. Besides, government should pay more attention to low-income patients and those with short duration diabetes, so as to enhance their ability to resist economic risks and reflect the fairness of specific disease health insurance.

Health of peacekeepers protection with perspective of global health / 中华预防医学杂志

Global health arisen recently, but it developed rapidly and attracted great attention from global researchers and institutions. China, as a member of United Nation, actively participated in many international peacekeeping activities. Health of peacekeepers is global health and it is important to consider and dealt with health of peacekeepers with conception of global health. This article reviewed and analyzed health problems and risk factors faced by peacekeepers,and provided suggestions to strategies to protect health of peacekeepers.