The variables in normalizing glomerular filtration rate / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Normalizing GFR with variables is important for non-cancer patients,especially for kidney donors.The most frequently evaluated variables are body surface area (BSA),extracellular fluid volume (ECV) and lean body mass (LBM).It is difficult to accurately quantify BSA and the power of BSA normalization decreases in children and obesity population.The ECV normalization is suitable for healthy children,but its clinical value decreases in patients with damaged renal function.The LBM can be accurately measured and has a larger serviceable range in the normalization.Although the influence factors of LBM should be extensively evaluated,the available data indicate that LBM is more suitable in the normalization of GFR than BSA and ECV.

Status of nuclear medicine in Beijing: insights from the Beijing Quality Control Centre Survey 2005-2006.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the status of nuclear medicine in Beijing during 2005. METHODS: For evaluating the status, a survey was performed in September 2006 by postal questionnaires. Forty-two nuclear medicine departments in Beijing were investigated regarding staff, equipment and clinical applications. RESULTS: Up to January 2007, thirty nuclear medicine departments had responded to our survey (response rate, 71.4%). These departments employed a total of 321 staff (141 physicians, 122 technicians, seven physicists, 22 nurses and 29 other staff) and were equipped with 47 scanners (42 SPECT, three PET, two PET/CT) before September 2006. During 2005, these departments completed 88 135 scans (84 734 SPECT, 3401 PET), 462 246 radioimmunoassays and 2228 radioisotope treatment (1288 Graves' disease, 268 thyroid cancer, 166 bone metastasis, 506 other). Furthermore, eight major hospitals hired more highly qualified staff with greater experience, such as professors or associate professors, and who had more clinical applications than did non-majors. The percentage of the departments that conducted daily and monthly quality control procedures was 43.3% and 40.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Nuclear medicine departments in Beijing are on a considerable scale, but still have a long way to go in order to be well developed. Hospitals in Beijing should increase the number of physicists and perform QA/QC procedures more frequently.

Nuclear medicine scans in Beijing: insights from the Beijing Quality Control Centre Survey 2005-2006.

OBJECTIVE: To survey nuclear medicine scans carried out in Beijing during 2005. METHODS: Forty-two nuclear medicine departments were surveyed by using mailed questionnaires sent during September 2006. RESULTS: By the end of January 2007, 30 out of 42 hospitals had replied to our survey. The estimated annual number of SPECT procedures was 6.72 per 1000 population during 2005. Among SPECT applications, whole-body bone scans (n=23,090) were performed with the highest frequency, followed by myocardial perfusion imaging (n=19,092), and renal function imaging (n=10,287). The estimated number of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy scans was 1530 procedures per million population. The annual number of PET procedures was 0.25 per 1000 population. Most of these PET and SPECT examinations used relative monotonous radiotracers and most patients were in the age group of 40-70 years. However, for each cancer and each type of application, age distributions slightly varied. In addition, the analysis of gender distribution revealed that the number of male patients was higher than for female patients. CONCLUSION: The number of nuclear medicine scans carried out in Beijing during 2005 was considerable, with unbalanced clinical applications. Excluded myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, the frequencies of some applications were still lower than in western countries. Furthermore, most procedures used relatively monotonous radiotracers. Most patients were in the age group of 40-70 years and were male.

Sentinel lymph nodes lymphoscintigraphy and biopsy in breast cancer / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To determine the clinical value of sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection by lympho- scintigraphy and gamma ray detecting probe (GDP) and to assess the value of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining combined with immunohistochemistry (IHC) analys is for detecting micrometastasis in lymph nodes (LNs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-two patients with breast cancer were included in this study. (99)Tc(m)-dextran was injected peritumourally. Lymphoscintigraphy images were obtained in anterior and lateral views. SLNs were removed with the aid of GDP during surgery. A standard axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) dissection was performed. All lymph nodes were first analyzed by HE staining. When all of the SLNs in a patient were negative, the ALNs were subjected to additional HE staining combined with IHC analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>SLNs were successfully detected and removed in 39 (92.9%) of the 42 patients. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of SLN biopsy were 92.9% (13 in 14), 100% (25 in 25) and 97.4% (38 in 39) respectively. Additional HE staining combined with IHC analysis of the ALNs detected micrometastasis in 3 SLNs (2 cases), but there were no positives in the non-sentinal lymph nodes (NSLNs).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>This study suggests that lymphoscintigraphy and GDP may be used to detect SLN. Additional HE staining combined with IHC analysis of the ALNs may help predict micrometastasis. Biopsy of SLN may be an accurate method for staging breast cancer.</p>

Method of multi-resolution 3D image registration by mutual information / 生物医学工程学杂志

Maximization of mutual information is a powerful criterion for 3D medical image registration, allowing robust and fully accurate automated rigid registration of multi-modal images in a various applications. In this paper, a method based on normalized mutual information for 3D image registration was presented on the images of CT, MR and PET. Powell's direction set method and Brent's one-dimensional optimization algorithm were used as optimization strategy. A multi-resolution approach is applied to speedup the matching process. For PET images, pre-procession of segmentation was performed to reduce the background artefacts. According to the evaluation by the Vanderbilt University, Sub-voxel accuracy in multi-modality registration had been achieved with this algorithm.

Experiences of sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB)during surgery of breast cancer. MethodsRadioactive colloid and blue dye were injected intradermally around the tumor seperately before the operation and the SLN were detected first by lymph scintigraphy. SLN was detected and located using ?-finder and the blue dye. Axillary lymph node dissection(ALND)was performed routinely after the SLNB. Results Among 116 breast cancer patients,this procedure was successful in 98.3% of cases. The sensitivity, accuracy and false negative rate were 93.6%, 97.4% and 6.4%, respectively. Conclusions SLNB is a simple, safe and reliable technique.Routine ALND could be raplaced by SLNB in breast cancer patients undergoing surgery.