[Trends of genome evolution in land and secondary-water herbs].

Comparative analysis of genome sizes in two groups of herbs, land and secondary-water, has been released. It is shown that their genomes are changed to opposite topics in cenozoic. The genome of land herbs is increased, and it is decreased in secondary water herbs. Genome growth in land herbs is analyzed as the result of unfavourable changes in global climate: cooling, aridization and atmospheric CO2 deficit. Genome minimization in secondary-water herbs is interpreted as the sequence of united effect of two groups of factors: returning to more stable water environment and breakdown of symbiotic relations with fungi partner. The influence of environmental discomfort and development of symbiotic or parasitic relations on genome size is discussed in association with established differences.

[Trends of angiosperm genome evolution].

Direction of evolutionary variability of parameters of genome size and structurally functional activity of plants on life forms groups and angiosperms taxa are analyzed. It is shown that, in the Cretaceous-Cenozoic, their nuclear genome tended to increase. Functional genome efficiency (intensity of functions per 1 pg of DNA) decreased from as much as possible high at trees and lianas of rain and monsoonal forests of the Paleogene to minimum at shrubs, perennial and annual grasses of meadow-steppe vegetation which had appeared in the neogene. Important for the vegetation environmental changes in temperature, humidity and CO2 concentration in an adverse direction are discussed as the cause of evolutionary genome size growth and decrease in its functional efficiency. Price for phylogenetic adaptogenesis of angiosperms to the step Cenozoic climate cooling was 4-fold and more genome growth.

[Trends of the grass ecological evolution].

The results of an analytic research show that the evolution of leaf structure and water balance are completely coincident with the global changes of the planet climate and hydrology. Taxic diversity of herbs and herbaceous biomes is a function of the paleoclimate variability and the plant adaptations to it. The correlation between the plant organization and climate changes allow to reconstruct both the climate changes chronicle and the geological ages of plant taxa based on the structure and function of the plant species. Two global trends of ecological evolution can be recognized differing mutually by the composition of herbaceous adaptive types: (a) the evolutionary line of herbs of chilling plains with domination of the plant species with C3 apoplastic syndrome formed under cold climate condition, and (b) the evolutionary line of herbs of hot plains with domination of plant species with C4 apoplastic syndrome. Both trends include the monocots and dicots, and both are the results of climate changes in the Cenozoic. C3 herbs of chilling plains and the steppe and meadow phytocoenoses formed by them arose as an answer to the temperature decrease in the significant areas of high latitudes. The apoplastic syndrome (transfer from symplastic transport of assimilates suppressed by cold to their apoplastic transport) is a diagnostic feature for this group of herbs. The C4 herbs of hot plains and the savannas, deserts and the saline land plant vegetation are an adaptive answer to iridizations of low latitude areas. The C4 syndrome (compensation of stomata closure by the mechanism of CO2 concentration in the leaf tissues) is a special character of this group of herbs. Both types of herbaceous biomes come to change forest biomes which were strongly decreased in both areas at low and high latitudes. This tendency is continued in parallel with the climate tendency to the continent dessication and cooling.

[Dicotyledons of cretaceous, palaeogene, and neogene. Adaptogenesis of the terminal phloem].

A database containing information on the trait complex for terminal phloem of dicots leaf having been created during the last thirty years was analyzed. The typology of terminal phloem was verified. The monotypy of plant taxa up to the family level was confirmed. For orders and subclasses, the wide distribution of structural parallelisms was demonstrated. The lists of plant families with similar structures of the phloem terminals was elaborated. As a result of comparative analysis of these lists and paleobotanic data on the age of plant families, the specificity of the types of terminal phloem and the associated morphological and functional characteristics of the groups of families of the same evolutionary, age were revealed. Ancestral type prevails among the families belonging to Prodicots, which were emerged during Cretaceous. Symplastic type is characteristic to the families of Eudicots and biomes appeared in Paleogene, while the apoplastic type is characteristic to the families and biomes of Neogene. For each group to taxa, plant stem and root parasitism is characteristic for the crown taxa completing the structural sequences of trees and herbs. All these data allow discussion of the questions of climatic adaptogenesis of the character complex studied here, the impossibility of structural iterations in morphological evolution, and the reasons of similarities and differences in the evolutionary and contemporary zonal series of the terminal phloem in Dicots.