Reversibility of psychotropic medication induced weight gain among children and adolescents with bipolar disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reversibility of weight gain associated with psychotropic medications in children. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using an ambulatory electronic medical records database. Individuals under 18 years of age were identified if they were initiating a new course of second generation/atypical antipsychotics (SGA) or mood stabilizers (MS) following a bipolar disorder diagnosis and subsequently discontinued treatment within 24 months of treatment initiation. RESULTS: Of the 297 children who had experienced positive BMI percentile increase (mean±SD: 8.71±11.94) during the treatment of SGA and/or MS, treatment discontinuation led to an average of 1.88 (±13.41) unit decrease in BMI percentile during a 12-month period since the treatment discontinuation. Repeated measure mixed model analysis showed that the reduction of BMI percentile after treatment discontinuation was neither associated with the treatment regimens patients previously received, nor associated with time since the treatment discontinuation. The three statistically significant predictors were baseline BMI percentile, BMI percentile gained during the treatment, and comorbid substance abuse disorder. CONCLUSION: Children with bipolar disorder were able to lose a fraction of weight gained during pharmacotherapy after the treatment discontinuation, however, their BMI percentile may not return to the prior treatment level within a year post-medication discontinuation.

Effect of Psychopharmacotherapy on Body Mass Index Among Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term effect of all treatment options for pediatric bipolar disorders on body mass index (BMI) and to explore individual characteristics associated with less BMI increase during psychotropic medication exposures. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted by using the 1995 to 2010 General Electric Electronic Medical Record database. Individuals aged 18 years or younger who had a new bipolar disorder episode were identified. Treatment exposure was defined based on the medication regimens patients received, which include atypical antipsychotic (AT) monotherapy, mood stabilizer (MS) monotherapy, antidepressant (AD) monotherapy, AT+MS polytherapy, AT+AD polytherapy, MS+AD polytherapy, and no treatment. Both treatment exposure and BMI were coded as time varying, which could change from month to month. According to the duration of treatment and the availability of BMI measures, individuals were followed for up to 3, 6, 9, and 12 months since the treatment initiation. Repeated-measures mixed models were applied to compare the impact of different medication regimens and the length of drug exposure on BMI after adjusting for the baseline BMI, sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, and psychotherapy. RESULTS: A total of 2299 treated and 4544 untreated children and adolescents who met the inclusion criteria were identified. Analysis using repeated-measures mixed models showed that those on AT monotherapy (the reference group) had a gradually diminished, but statistically significant, monthly increase in BMI during all durations of drug exposure (3 months: 0.36 kg/m2, 6 months: 0.20 kg/m2, 9 months: 0.17 kg/m2, and 12 months: 0.16 kg/m2). As compared with AT monotherapy, the magnitude of increase in BMI associated with MS, AD monotherapy, and no treatment was significantly less at all time points, indicating less steep slopes of BMI change over time compared with AT monotherapy, especially during the short-term exposure. The combinations of AT with other psychotropic medications (ATMS, ATAD) were associated with a similar BMI increase as AT monotherapy. Individual characteristics found to be associated with a less increase in BMI during psychotropic medication exposure were being younger and having a higher baseline BMI. CONCLUSION: The long-term use of atypical antipsychotics, both as monotherapy or in combination with other psychotropic medications in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder, was associated with a steady and cumulative increase in BMI.

Pharmacists' utilization and interest in usage of personal digital assistants in their professional responsibilities.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pharmacists use PDAs for performing various activities related to their profession. The objective of this study was to examine pharmacists' utilization pattern and interest in usage of personal digital assistants (PDAs) in various facets of health care. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted by distributing a pre-validated 23-item instrument to a convenience sample of pharmacists (n = 295) in the Houston area. Usage frequency (0 = never to 5 = frequently) and interest in future use (1 = extremely disinterested to 5 = extremely interested) of PDAs for various activities were evaluated and compared across pharmacy practice settings. RESULTS: Most pharmacists reported maximum use of PDAs, as personal organizers (3.7 +/- 1.8), in obtaining drug information (2.9 +/- 1.8) and as medical calculators (2.6 +/- 1.9). Similar results were obtained while evaluating interest of pharmacists who did not have PDAs and have never used PDAs for these three activities. Hospital pharmacists owned and used PDAs significantly (P < 0.05) more often than community pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists used PDAs for basic functions in their profession role. Application of PDA technology in community pharmacy settings may result in its better adoption in both the settings.

Application of the Extended Technology Acceptance Model in predicting pharmacists' intention to use personal digital assistants.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pharmacists' behavioral intention to use personal digital assistants (PDAs) in their profession, by means of the Extended Technology Acceptance Model (ETAM). DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: Hospital and community pharmacies in Houston, TX, in 2004. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 295 practicing pharmacists. INTERVENTION: A prevalidated survey containing 30 items, evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale (1, strongly disagree, to 5, strongly agree), which measured the ETAM variables. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Predictors of intention to use PDA for pharmacists owning the device. RESULTS: Among the surveyed population, 49% of pharmacists owned PDAs. Overall, the ETAM constructs showed fairly good reliability. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the ETAM explained 69% of the variance in intention to use PDAs for pharmacists owning the device. Result demonstrability (beta = 0.53), subjective norm (beta = 0.25), and voluntariness (beta = -0.10) were significant (P < 0.05) predictors of pharmacists' intention to use PDAs. CONCLUSION: ETAM proved useful in predicting pharmacists' behavior in using PDAs. With improvements in technology, PDAs be an effective tool for pharmacists in providing better patient care.