Filaggrin null mutations associate with increased frequencies of allergen-specific CD4+ T-helper 2 cells in patients with atopic eczema.

BACKGROUND: Filaggrin null mutations associate with atopic eczema and also with asthma when present with eczema. However, while epidermal dysfunction is an important factor in disease pathogenesis, it is unclear how such dysfunction interacts with immune responses to contribute to cutaneous and other inflammatory atopic disease. OBJECTIVES: To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying such predisposition in order to understand different disease phenotypes and possibly identify potential treatment targets. METHODS: We studied 33 individuals with atopic eczema and used interleukin-4 immunospot and human leucocyte antigen class II tetrameric complexes to investigate the peripheral blood allergen-specific CD4+ T-cell responses. RESULTS: Filaggrin null mutations associated with significantly (P<0·05) higher frequencies of allergen-specific CD4+ T-helper 2 cell responses. CONCLUSIONS: These data would support a model where barrier dysfunction possibly promotes greater allergen penetration and delivery to drive allergen-specific CD4+ T cells. This could further contribute to respiratory and cutaneous inflammatory disease.

Surgical trainee assessment using a VE knee arthroscopy training system (VE-KATS): experimental results.

Previous work has described the development of a Virtual Environment Knee Arthroscopy Training System (VE-KATS): a collaborative project between the Orthopaedic Department, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, U.K., and the Department of Computer Science, University of Hull, U.K. This work describes the initial results obtained by Orthopaedic Surgical Trainees using VE-KATS. The results showed that differences between individual trainees could be measured using the scoring system incorporated within VE-KATS. There was a weak correlation with the seniority of the surgical trainees.