ABSTRACT
The identification and optimization of a series of substituted tetrahydro-beta-carbolines with potent activity against human papillomavirus is described. Structure-activity studies focused on the substitution pattern and chirality of the beta-carboline ring system are discussed. Optimization of these parameters led to compounds with antiviral activities in the low nanomolar range.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis , Carbolines/chemical synthesis , Animals , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Antiviral Agents/toxicity , Carbolines/chemistry , Carbolines/toxicity , Cell Line , Humans , Mice , Papillomavirus Infections/drug therapy , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The naphthyridinone GSK364735 potently inhibited recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase in a strand transfer assay (mean 50% inhibitory concentration +/- standard deviation, 8 +/- 2 nM). As expected based on the structure of the drug, it bound competitively with another two-metal binding inhibitor (Kd [binding constant], 6 +/- 4 nM). In a number of different cellular assays, GSK364735 inhibited HIV replication with potency at nanomolar concentrations (e.g., in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and MT-4 cells, 50% effective concentrations were 1.2 +/- 0.4 and 5 +/- 1 nM, respectively), with selectivity indexes of antiviral activity versus in-assay cytotoxicity of at least 2,200. When human serum was added, the antiviral potency decreased (e.g., a 35-fold decrease in the presence of 100% human serum was calculated by extrapolation from the results of the MT-4 cell assay). In cellular assays, GSK364735 blocked viral DNA integration, with a concomitant increase in two-long-terminal-repeat circles. As expected, this integrase inhibitor was equally active against wild-type viruses and mutant viruses resistant to approved drugs targeting either reverse transcriptase or protease. In contrast, some but not all viruses resistant to other integrase inhibitors were resistant to GSK364735. When virus was passaged in the presence of the inhibitor, we identified resistance mutations within the integrase active site that were the same as or similar to mutations arising in response to other two-metal binding inhibitors. Finally, either additive or synergistic effects were observed when GSK364735 was tested in combination with approved antiretrovirals (i.e., no antagonistic effects were seen). Thus, based on all the data, GSK364735 exerted potent antiviral activity through the inhibition of viral DNA integration by interacting at the two-metal binding site within the catalytic center of HIV integrase.
Subject(s)
HIV Integrase Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV Integrase/drug effects , HIV-1/drug effects , Naphthyridines/pharmacology , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Cell Line , Cells, Cultured , Drug Resistance, Viral , Drug Synergism , HIV Integrase/genetics , HIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV-1/enzymology , HIV-1/physiology , Humans , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Mutation , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Virus Integration/drug effects , Virus Replication/drug effectsABSTRACT
A novel series of P1 modified HIV protease inhibitors was synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antiviral activity against wild-type virus and protease inhibitor-resistant viruses. Optimization of the P1 moiety resulted in compounds with femtomolar enzyme activities and cellular antiviral activities in the low nanomolar range culminating in the identification of clinical candidate GW0385.
Subject(s)
HIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , HIV Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Sulfonamides/chemistryABSTRACT
A novel series of tyrosine-derived HIV protease inhibitors was synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antiviral activity against wild-type virus and two protease inhibitor-resistant viruses. All of the compounds had wild-type antiviral activities that were similar to or greater than several currently marketed HIV protease inhibitors. In addition, a number of compounds in this series were more potent against the drug-resistant mutant viruses than they were against wild-type virus.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral/drug effects , HIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV/drug effects , Virus Replication/drug effects , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , Dogs , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral/genetics , HIV/genetics , HIV Protease Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Mutation , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , Virus Replication/geneticsABSTRACT
A series of novel N-alkoxy-arylsulfonamide HIV protease inhibitors with low picomolar enzyme activity and single digit nanomolar antiviral activity is disclosed.
Subject(s)
HIV Protease Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , HIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV Protease/metabolism , Sulfonamides/chemical synthesis , Benzene Derivatives/chemistry , Drug Design , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral , HIV Protease/drug effects , Humans , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Virus Replication/drug effectsABSTRACT
Optimization of P1-substituted pyrrolidinone based HIV protease inhibitors has yielded analogs with very potent antiviral activity.
Subject(s)
HIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrrolidinones/pharmacology , HIV Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Pyrrolidinones/chemistryABSTRACT
The lack of specific pharmacological tools has impeded the evaluation of the role of each melanocortin receptor (MCR) subtype in the myriad physiological effects of melanocortins. 154N-5 is an octapeptide (MFRdWFKPV-NH(2)) that was first identified as an MC1R antagonist in Xenopus melanophores [J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 29846]. In this manuscript, we show that 154N-5 is a specific agonist for human and murine MC1R. The peptide has negligible activity at MC3R and MC4R and is 25-fold less potent and a weak agonist at MC5R. 154N-5 was tested in both a cellular and an animal model of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion. The inhibitory efficacy of 154N-5 on TNF-alpha secretion in both models was similar to the nonselective agonist NDP-alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (NDP-alphaMSH), thus, we conclude that inhibition of TNF-alpha secretion by melanocortin peptides is mediated by MC1R. 154N-5 is a valuable new tool for the evaluation of specific contribution of MC1R agonism to physiological and pathological processes.
