ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association of patient-related demographic, socioeconomic status, physical activity, stress, and dietary factors influencing the relationship between salivary and blood glucose levels in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus (DM). METHOD: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 166 participants with and without DM. Saliva and blood were collected to estimate the glucose levels. Age, gender, occupation, socioeconomic and education level, BMI, hip to waist circumference, stress, dietary pattern, lifestyle, physical activity, family history of diabetes, and type of diabetes were recorded. The association of saliva to predict blood glucose levels was analysed using Spearman Rank Correlation and how these patient-related factors influence the correlation was estimated for future machine learning models. The difference in medians for various groups was calculated using the Mann-Whitney U Test or Kruskal Wallis Test. RESULTS: Blood glucose level is not significantly correlated to salivary glucose level. However, a statistically significant difference in the median blood glucose levels for diabetic participants (median = 137) compared to healthy controls (p-value < .05) was noted. The correlation between blood and salivary glucose was more positive for higher levels of glucose (Spearman 0.4). Age, alcohol consumption, monthly wages, intake of vegetables, and socioeconomic status affect blood glucose levels. CONCLUSION: A correlation between saliva and blood glucose levels in healthy individuals was weak. Saliva should only be used as a monitoring tool rather than a diagnostic tool and is more reliable for patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.
ABSTRACT
Aim: The present study was aimed to investigate the functional relationship between the mixing temperature and properties of a commercially available zinc oxide eugenol impression paste (ZnOE paste). Settings and Design: In-vitro study. Materials and Methods: A custom-made simulated mixing device was indigenously designed to maintain different mixing temperatures, simulating cold, ambient, and hot weather. A commercially available ZnOE paste was mixed according to the manufacturer's instructions in the simulated mixing device at the temperatures ranging from 10°C to 50°C. Initial setting time and consistency were measured according to A. D. A. Specification No. 16 (n = 8). A stainless-steel die having 25, 50, and 75 µm lines was used for surface detail reproduction. Detail reproduction of the stone casts of the impressions was evaluated with a stereomicroscope at 30 magnification (n = 8). The shear bond strength of ZnOE paste to self-cure acrylic tray resin was measured by using the UTM at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min (n = 8). Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc tests at a confidence interval of 95% (alpha =0.05). Results: Initial setting time, consistency, and detail reproduction of the ZnOE paste were affected by the mixing temperature (P < 0.001). Mixing ZnOE paste at a lower temperature of 10°C and higher temperatures of 40°C and 50°C resulted in shorter initial setting time, thicker consistency, and poor detail reproduction. However, no significant difference was obtained in the shear bond strength among the different mixing temperatures evaluated (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Based on this in vitro study, it is advisable to perform the manipulation of ZnOE paste at a clinical/laboratory temperature of 30°C for optimum performance. The simulated mixing device used in this study can be an alternative for extreme climatic conditions.
