Role of p63 in Determining the Histogenesis of Low-Grade Neoplasms versus Cystic Lesion.

The biological nature of salivary gland neoplasms and the overlapping characteristics that result from the heterogeneity of the cells of origin make diagnosis difficult. Hence, we intend to present a case of low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) on the palate and to understand the importance of biomarker such as p63 in the early diagnosis of tumor as it also has a role in its histogenesis. A 53-year-old female reported with a unilateral swelling for 3 months on posterolateral palatal region of the right side. Clinical differentials for such palatal swellings include a varied spectrum of lesions such as reactive, benign, and malignant lesions. Based on the incisional and excisional biopsy, histopathological findings and immunohistochemical examination with p63 the case were diagnosed with low grade MEC. The tumor cell differentiation in MEC could be the result of multiplicity of differentiation pathways leading to the formation of various histological patterns. This case report highlights the complexity of salivary gland pathology diagnosis and role of specific tumor marker such as p63 as an early marker for differentiation of salivary gland tumor such as low grade MEC from other cystic lesions occurring on the palate.

Histomorphometric and molecular characterization of stromal and mineralized components in fibro-osseous lesions.

BACKGROUND: Indistinct and analogous histopathological features of various fibro-osseous lesions make establishing a definitive diagnosis a challenge. There is a need for additional molecular and histochemical tools to support and differentiate these lesions in order to establish a concrete diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of biopsied lesions in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections (10 cases each of fibrous dysplasia, ossifying fibroma, and cement-osseous dysplasia) retrieved from the archives was studied for immunoexpression of osteocalcin (quantitative analysis in osteocytes), collagen characterization using Azan, Picrosirus, and Toluidine blue stain for evaluating intensity and localization of collagen fibers, and morphometric analysis of vasculature (for evaluating mean vessel density as square microns). RESULTS: Positive immunostaining of osteocalcin suggested mutations of the GNAS-1 gene found in fibrous dysplasia indirectly, as it is a negative regulator of bone formation. Osteocalcin immunopositivity was quantitatively measured in the fibro-osseous lesions, with fibrous dysplasia measuring 14.47 ± 3.628 as compared to ossifying fibroma measuring 5.23 ± 1.33, followed by cemento-osseous dysplasia measuring 2.30 ± 1.409. Toluidine blue suggests the presence of oxytalan fibers (resistant to acid hydrolysis) in ossifying fibroma and cemento-osseous dysplasia, pointing toward the pathogenesis of the lesion. Azan stain and Picrosirus (under a polarizing microscope) helped in distinguishing hard tissue characteristics (70% of cases of fibrous dysplasia showed only a magenta component followed by intermixed magenta with a blue component in 20% of cases and only 10% of cases showed magenta with blue borders whereas for ossifying fibroma, 40% of cases depicted magenta with blue borders along with the other 40% with intermixed magenta with blue component). The mean vessel density was also highest in fibrous dysplasia measuring 7.90 ± 1.079 (in Sq. micron area), followed by ossifying fibroma and cemento-osseous dysplasia. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of fibro-osseous lesions by hematoxylin and eosin alone is confusing and thus should be supported by relatively simple histomorphometric analysis for better treatment outcomes. At the diagnostic stage of fibro-osseous lesions, evaluation of intralesional vessel size, reliable molecular marker, and histochemical nature can aid in differentiating fibrous dysplasia from central ossifying fibroma and cemento-osseous dysplasia alongside, other clinical, radiographic and pathological criteria. These parameters help in the diagnostic decision-making of fibro-osseous lesions.

Pathogenetic model of survivin-dependent molecular signalling pathways in tumorigenesis of oral cancer and precursor lesions.

Background: p53 tumour suppressor gene limits unchecked cellular growth in response to DNA damage, by causing G1 arrest and the activation of apoptosis. Inhibitors of apoptosis include survivin which acts by inhibition of caspases. Survivin has a significant role as a cell cycle modulator and is only minimally present in mature tissues. Aberrant expression of p53 and survivin has been evaluated in various carcinomas. Thus, the objective of this research was to elucidate the co-expression of p53 and survivin in tissue samples of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs) and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCCs). Method: Thirty tissue samples of OPMDs and 30 tissue samples of OSCCs taken from department archives were used in the study. Expression of p53 and survivin was analyzed in the study groups by the help of immunohistochemistry. Also, co-expression of both the markers was evaluated. Results: The expression of p53 and survivin in the oral epithelium of patients with OSCCs was significantly higher than that in patients with OPMDs (P value ≤0.05). Conclusion: Our results provide insights into the altered survivin and p53 co-expression with significant immunoexpression within the study groups. Therefore, survivin and p53 could be better markers for identifying cell proliferation and apoptotic pathway. Also, malignant transformation rate of OPMD increases with increased expression of these markers.

Serum and Saliva LDH Levels in Patients with Habit, Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs), and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC): A Spectrophotometry Study.

Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are chronic lesions or conditions characterized by a potential for malignant transformation. One of the hallmarks of cancer is aerobic glycolysis which confers immortality to cancer cells, correlates with the belligerent behavior of various malignancies, and shows an increase in the expression of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The present study was conducted to measure and compare serum and salivary LDH levels in patients with habit, OPMDs and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, and to evaluate if LDH levels can be used as a biomarker in the progression into potentially malignant disorders (PMDs), the prognosis of OSCC, and to assess if saliva is a better biomarker. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients of both genders were divided into three groups. Group I had patients with habits, group II had OPMDs, and group III had OSCC with 10 subjects from each group. Saliva and serum of patients were collected according to the standard protocol and measured for LDH using spectrophotometry of 340 nm. Results: Group I had patients with habits, group II had OPMDs, and group III had OSCC. Group I had 6 males and 4 females, group II had 8 males and 2 females, and group III had 7 males and 3 females. The mean serum LDH level in group I was 265.50, in group II was 194.10, and in group III was 224.22. The difference was non-significant (P > 0.05). The mean salivary LDH level in group I was 345.68, in group II was 532.72, and in group III was 1.105. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Salivary LDH is a non-invasive, cost-effective technique, which can be used as an effective modality for the diagnosis and prognosis of oral cancer as well as for monitoring tobacco users and OPMDs.

Diagnostic utility of special stains in defining the spectrum of maxillofacial pathologies.

Background: The Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is considered as a valuable and distinguished diagnostic test in the initial assessment of the patients presenting with a mass in the head and neck region or when a recurrence is suspected after previous treatment. Aims: This study was therefore designed to elucidate the efficacy of FNAC as an alternate diagnostic tool to histopathology in head and neck swellings and evaluation of staining efficacy of PAP and MGG stain over Haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) in routine cytopathological smears. Settings and Design: The study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, where FNAC samples were collected from 150 patients with head and neck swellings. Materials and Methods: All the slides were stained with H and E, Papanicolaou (PAP), and May Grunewald Giemsa (MGG) stains. The cytopathological diagnosis was compared with histopathological diagnosis based on H and E stained sections obtained from paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed biopsy specimen of benign and malignant neoplasms. Statistical Analysis Used: The resulting data were analyzed using SPSS software version 19. Differences between the variables were analyzed using Pearson Chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis test wherever applicable. Results: The FNAC as a diagnostic tool has sensitivity of 84.8%, 72.72%, and 78.78%, specificity of 62.5%, 75%, and 75%, and accuracy of 80.48%, 73.14%, and 78.04% in H and E, MGG, and PAP stain, respectively. PAP stain was the most efficient stain when all qualitative parameters are taken into consideration with maximum sensitivity and specificity for achieving definitive cytodiagnosis. Conclusions: The FNAC is an inexpensive and minimally invasive technique to diagnose different types of head and neck swellings and complement histopathological diagnosis.

Case series of head-and-neck adenosquamous carcinoma: Role of histogenetic model in immunotherapy as a future perspective for nonconventional squamous cell carcinoma.

Adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) is not only a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) but it is also an aggressive and highly infiltrating neoplasm with distinct histomorphology. Histogenetic concept in the pathogenesis of the tumor would eradicate controversies regarding the resemblance of ASC with mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid SCC. Hence, we intend to present a case series of four cases of ASC in the head-and-neck region reported in a single institution in the past 10 years. Head-and-neck ASC lesions have been reported in the thyroid gland, nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Intraoral lesions are mostly seen in the tongue and floor of the mouth, but in our case series, the most common site was the maxillary alveolus. Therapeutic approach toward nonconventional malignancies of epithelial origin should include proper analysis of the biological behavior of disease, the anatomical site, sensitivity of lesion to radiation, and systemic treatment modality. Hence, for better understanding of the behavior of lesions such as ASC, immunohistochemical analysis plays a significant role as it provides an insight into the origin and also accentuates the chances of enhanced therapeutic model for treating any such variant of SCC.

Emerging insights of NK cells immunosurveillance in histomorphologic prognostic indicators of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Background: IFN-gamma and natural killer (NK) cells have been considered the most effective cells in the combat of cancer, contributing to better prognosis and longer survival. The aim of the study was to analyze and correlate the CD 57 immunopositive NK cell-mediated Interferon-γ pathway in regulating immune mechanisms in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Materials and Methodology: The study sample was composed of a total of 40 cases of histopathologically confirmed cases of Oral Squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Clinical data such as age, gender, habit history, signs and symptoms, and TNM staging were obtained for each case. The biopsy specimens of the cases obtained were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed and embedded in paraffin wax. 3-4 µ thick sections were taken for hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry procedure. A saliva sample was collected from each patient and stored at 20 degree Celsius for estimation of salivary interferon-gamma levels using the sandwich ELISA technique. Results: CD 57 NK cells quantitative assessment was significantly associated with tumor budding, cell nest size, the pattern of invasion, lymphocytic host response, NK cell morphology, Depth of invasion, and Tumor thickness. The ratio of CD 57 immunopositive NK cells to salivary IFN-γ levels showed a significant association with histopathological grades, tumor size, and lymph node status. Conclusion: Adoptive cellular transfer therapy with NK cells has been advocated in both experimental models and clinical trials in treating hematopoietic malignancies. The strategy is based on reviving the patient innate immune surveillance and control of tumor invasion by the infusion of activated NK cells. The IFN-gamma and NK cell infiltration in oral squamous cell carcinoma might show a distinctive tumor microenvironment with a favorable local cytotoxic immune response against neoplastic cells.

Potentiated action on the progression of OSMF by hypoxia mediated signaling pathway by the epithelial mesenchymal transition and angiogenic apparatus.

Background: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process, in which epithelial cells acquire the characteristics of invasive mesenchymal cells. EMT has been implicated in cancer progression and metastasis as well as the formation of many tissues and organs during development. Aim: The aim of the study was to ascertain the role of hypoxia-mediated signaling pathways influencing EMT and angiogenesis in progression of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Materials and Methods: Evaluation of the immunoexpression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), E-cadherin, vimentin, and factor VIII receptor antigen in OSMF and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) arising from OSMF was done. Differences between the different variables were analyzed using ANOVA test and Pearson's Chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney test was also calculated. Results: The mean α-SMA positive myofibroblasts increased from Group 1 (OSMF) to Group 2 (OSCC), especially those in the deeper connective tissue stroma. The mean labeling index of vimentin and mean vessel density immunoexpression was more in Group 2 (OSCC) as compared to Group 1 (OSMF). Mean α-SMA correlated negatively with E-cadherin expression and positively with vimentin and factor VIII immunoexpression. E-cadherin expression correlated negatively with factor VIII and positively with Vimentin expression. Conclusions: The molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of OSCC in patients with OSMF require unification of multiple progressive pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the progression of the disease.

Evaluation of EGFR in prognostic characterization in histopathological variants of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

AIM OF THE STUDY: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a tyrosine kinase receptor of the Erb B family contributing to proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. EGFR overexpression is frequently associated with poor clinical outcome in malignant neoplasms.• To evaluate and compare immunoexpression of EGFR in histopathological variants of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).• To hypothesize the role of EGFR in determining biological behavior and prognostic course of histopathological variants of OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised a total of 40 cases including 10 cases each of Squamous cell carcinoma, Verrucous carcinoma, Adenosquamous cell carcinoma, and Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma. EGFR immunoexpression was observed qualitatively as low (1), moderate (2) and strong (3) and quantitatively as score 1 for <10%, 2 for 10%-50%, and 3 for >50% positive cells. The resulting data were analyzed using SPSS software version 19. Data have been expressed as mean and standard deviation. Differences between the different variables were analyzed using ANOVA, and Pearson's Chi-square. (p ≤ 0.05). RESULT: The study results revealed that the EFGR immunoexpression was highest in adenosquamous cell carcinoma followed by adenoid squamous cell carcinoma then conventional squamous cell carcinoma followed by lowest immunoexpression in verrucous carcinoma. The results were statistically significant. (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: Expression of EGFR could be established as a valuable biomarker with significant association in predicting aggressive potential and treatment response in various histopathological variants of OSCC. Further studies where EGFR could be linked to predictive indicators and tumor prognosis could be undertaken.

Immunolocalization of epithelial cell adhesion molecule and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Cancers are complex tissues composed of multiple distinct cell types that participate in heterotypic interactions with one another. Physiologically cell-to-cell contacts formed by dense populations of normal cells operate to suppress further cell proliferation. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study is to evaluate and compare the immunoexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to hypothesize their role in the progression in varying grades of these lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 samples comprising of 30 cases each of OED and OSCC. Three micrometers thin sections were taken and subjected for hematoxylin and eosin stain and immunohistochemical procedure. The sections were incubated with monoclonal anti-EpCAM anti-MMP-9 antibody. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 19. RESULTS: The results of the study show EpCAM immunoexpression decreased in OSCC when compared to OED. MMP-9 immunoexpression increased in OSCC when compared to OED (statistically significant, P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: Correlation between EpCAM and MMP-9 may help to unravel the signaling cascades involved in the carcinomatous changes, tumor cell invasion, and progression of OSCCs.

Histopathological prognosticators and their clinicopathological correlation in oral squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue.

Background: Tongue carcinomas account for 25%-40% of intraoral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Although TNM staging systems is an international standard for cancer reporting, prognosis evaluation, and treatment planning, multiple histopathological risk assessment predictors such as tumor thickness (TT), tumor shape, tumor growth pattern, and invasive malignancy grading scoring systems have been studied and should form a basis for prediction and prognostication of such aggressive carcinomas. Aim: To evaluate and characterize the histomorphological prognostic indicators in OSCCs of tongue and compare it with OSCCs of other anatomic sites within the oral cavity. Furthermore, to elucidate the significance of histopathological indicators in predicting prognosis of tongue squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Materials and Methods: Forty SCC cases with 20 each of tongue and 20 from other intraoral sites were retrieved from department archives. Clinical data and staging were obtained for each case. Histomorphological parameters including pattern of invasion (POI), tumor budding (TB), depth of invasion (DOI), TT, lymphocytic host response, tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE), vascular invasion, perineural invasion (PNI), and muscular invasion were assessed. The results were statistically evaluated. Results: TB, DOI, and sarcolemmal spread were significant histologic predictors in tongue SCC. Upon correlation of histomorphological parameters with clinical staging, TT, POI, and TATE were observed to be significantly correlated (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The histomorphological risk assessment model may serve as important addition to the existing prognosticators and may be used as a prognostic index to help plan and individualize treatment protocol in cases with aggressive high-risk disease for whom the use of multimodality treatment seems beneficial.

Embryological Basis of Cystic Hygroma: A Case Report.

Aim: We intend to present a cystic hygroma (CH) case in a 2-year-old baby in the anterior cervical triangle, which is a rare site, as the most common site for the occurrence of CH is the supraclavicular fossa of the posterior cervical triangle. Background: Among developmental abnormalities in the lymphoid system, CH are usually seen in the posterior neck. Lymphatic malformations are generally exhibited either at birth or before the age of 2 years. Lymphatic channels are attenuated endothelium-lined spaces devoid of any cells and smooth muscle layer. Also, morphologically distinguishing normal lymphatic channels from venules or capillaries is a challenge. Case description: A 2-year-old female patient reported having a chief complaint of swelling in the left submandibular region for 4 days. The patient underwent surgery for CH 18 days after birth. Swelling was rubbery in texture and firm in consistency. Conclusion: A D2-40 immunoexpression was an identifying clue for normal lymphatics in comparison to morphology. Henceforth, this can be concluded that such tumors depict at least partial differentiation of endothelial cells lining lymphatic spaces. Clinical significance: The present article helps in illuminating the role of D2-40 in the diagnosis of lymphatic malformations, such as CH, and also highlights the embryological basis of the pathogenetic mechanism of this rare disease, which potentiates the role of various treatment modalities in pediatric cases for management considerations. How to cite this article: Yadav S, Gulati N, Shetty DC, et al. Embryological Basis of Cystic Hygroma: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(6):774-778.

To analyse the mitotic and keratinisation correlation with bcl-2 expression in varying grades of oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma.

Context: The bcl-2 proto-oncogene was discovered at the chromosomal breakpoint of t (14;18) found in follicular lymphoma. Histological changes in dysplasia are considered the earliest signs preceding the progression into squamous cell carcinoma. Serving as critical regulators of apoptotic pathways, bcl-2 prohibits programmed cell death and subsequently assists in uncontrolled neoplastic growth. Settings and Design: This study included 48 cases, eight each of epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining using bcl-2 antibody was performed and different histological parameters were correlated with bcl-2 positive cells in all the cases. Materials and Methods: All 3 µm thick sections were stained with bcl-2 antibody. After identifying four representative fields at 40x, their images were obtained for assessment of bcl-2 labelled cells and their intensity along with different histological parameters in all the cases. Statistical Analysis: The differences between different histological parameters were analysed using the Anova test, post hoc test and Bonferroni test. Pearson's Chi-square test was carried out to determine the level of correlation between the bcl-2 positive cells in both epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma cases. Conclusion: Sequential increase in the bcl-2 expression was observed in increasing grades of epithelial dysplasia, whereas bcl-2 expression was significantly decreased in ascending stages of squamous cell carcinoma thus, suggesting a possible role of bcl-2 in disease progression from premalignancy to malignancy.

Occult prostate carcinoma with metastasis to the mandible presenting as numb chin syndrome.

Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of death due to malignancy in men. Occult malignancy presenting with no primary symptoms could be a challenge to the diagnostician. Metastasis of prostate carcinoma to the mandible is rare and usually presents with non-specific symptoms. Only 1% of oral cancers account for lesions which present as metastasis of other primary malignancies. We report a rare case of prostate carcinoma being diagnosed as metastasis to the mandible with the patient presenting with numb chin syndrome.

MCM3 proliferative index is worthier over Ki-67 in the characterization of salivary gland tumors.

BACKGROUND: Salivary gland tumors bear uncanny characteristics of being different based on their morphological aspects rather than the presence of clear demarcation. This ambiguity in the spectrum from benign to malignant salivary gland neoplasms while categorizing the neoplasm is having inherent pitfalls. The present study was, therefore, designed to characterize benign and malignant salivary gland tumors based on their proliferative indices. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Study samples comprised of 97 cases of histopathologically confirmed benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. The cases were immunohistochemically assessed for MCM3 and Ki-67 expressions and the molecular characterization was performed based on the findings. RESULTS: The majority of benign and malignant salivary gland tumors were from the parotid gland, (51.2%) and (42.4%), respectively. Overall mean labeling index of MCM3 was higher i.e., (5.60 ± 3.99) in comparison to Ki-67 i.e., (2.82 ± 3.14) with P = 0.05 using paired t-test. Besides, malignant salivary gland neoplasms represented a higher mean score of MCM3 and Ki-67 than benign neoplasms. CONCLUSION: The requirement of a novel marker has led to the use of MCM3 which has a characteristic role in the entire spectrum of the cell cycle. The present study highlighted the extrapolation of MCM3 over Ki-67 for diagnosis and for true characterization of biologic behavior of salivary gland pathologies which may, in turn, influence the treatment modality employed for such lesions.

"Neuroectodermal influence of CD 99 immunoexpression correlates with the clinical behavior of odontogenic cysts and tumors".

Background: Odontogenic tumors show a variety of characteristic features that are dependent on the tumor cell origin and the stage of tumor cell differentiation. Odontogenic cysts arise from the enamel organ or remnants of dental epithelium which influences their pathogenetic model and further clinical behavior of these lesions. Aim: The study aims at assessment of CD 99 immunoexpression in odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and ameloblastoma (in tooth bearing [anterior to third molar] and nontooth bearing areas [molar ramus area]) to postulate neural influence in their pathogenesis and the clinical behavior. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis for CD 99 was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections on 50 histopathologically confirmed cases of OKC and ameloblastoma (25 each) arising within the oral cavity and were scored qualitatively, topographically, and according to cellular localization. Statistical Analysis: The resulting data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 20.0. The significance of the parameters was tested by the Pearson's Chi-square test (P ≤ 0.05 as statistically significant). Results: CD99 immunoreactivity was distributed in both tooth bearing and nontooth bearing groups of OKC and ameloblastoma with an increased immunoexpression in basal and suprabasal layers of OKC in nontooth bearing area and in peripheral cells of ameloblastoma in nontooth bearing area confined to the cell membrane. Conclusions: The results point toward the role of CD99 in the pathogenesis and aggressive behavior of such odontogenic lesions and it can be used as a promising therapeutic target.

Molecular Analysis as a Guide to Determining the Extent and Pathophysiology of Perilesional Tissues in Oral Epithelial Dysplasias.

INTRODUCTION: Clinically and histologically normal appearing perilesional mucosa of epithelial dysplasia may harbor early genetic changes. Hence, the present study is designed to determine the early molecular changes in the form of p16 and EGFR immunoexpressions in perilesional tissues. OBJECTIVES: To analyze immunohistochemical expressions of p16 and EGFR individually and percentage change of immunoexpressions in oral dysplastic lesions and their perilesional tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of oral epithelial dysplasia with perilesional tissue marked by India ink were included in this study. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using anti-p16 and anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (BioGenex) using squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix and breast carcinoma as the positive controls, respectively. RESULTS: p16 and EGFR expressions were assessed based on the presence, intensity, extent and immunolocalization of positive cells. Out of 40 cases, p16 immunoexpression was positive in 82.5% cases of lesional tissues and in 62.5% cases of perilesional tissues (p ≤ 0.05); however, EGFR immunoexpression was positive in 90% cases of both lesional and perilesional tissues (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The disease status and progression based on p16 and EGFR expressions and co-expressions can be used as an effective guide to evaluating the progression of normal epithelium to dysplastic epithelium in otherwise clinically normal mucosa.

Evaluation and comparison of the antimicrobial activity of royal jelly - A holistic healer against periodontopathic bacteria: An in vitro study.

CONTEXT: RJ is a natural bee product and is known to have remarkable health benefits. The objective was to evaluate its antimicrobial potential against periodontopathic bacteria and compare the same with chlorhexidine. AIMS: The aim was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial activity of royal jelly (RJ) with chlorhexidine against the periodontopathic bacteria (aerobic and anaerobic) in subgingival plaque. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subgingival plaque samples of 15 chronic periodontitis patients were taken, and clinical parameters were evaluated. Inhibitory effect of RJ and chlorhexidine was investigated "in vitro" on the growth of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria by colony count, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by the method of serial broth dilution. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: ANOVA statistical analysis was used in this study. RESULTS: Subgingival anaerobic bacteria predominate (colony-forming unit). Chlorhexidine is more sensitive in inhibiting aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (at concentration 50 µg/100 µl). A higher concentration of RJ is required to have an inhibitory effect. MBC of chlorhexidine shows no growth on blood agar plates, whereas minimum bacterial growth is seen around the RJ. CONCLUSIONS: Chlorhexidine (gold standard) has a higher inhibitory effect in the case of chronic periodontitis; however, RJ can also be used as an alternative but at higher concentration and lesser dilution. Evaluation of the quality, quantity and the biological activity of RJ is a necessity and must be done before its "in vivo" application.

Biochemical analysis of cytokeratin fragment 21-1 concentration and expression of cytokeratin 19 in oral potentially malignant disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 (CYFRA21-1), a constituent of the intermediate filament protein is known to be elevated in cancer. In vitro cleavage of cytokeratin 19 (CK19) protein results in the release of it's fragments into the supernatants of premalignant cell lines. This study was designed with the aim to investigate the concentrations of CYFRA21-1 in serum and saliva of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), to evaluate CK19 expression in tissues of the same patients and to correlate the levels of CYFRA21-1 concentration in serum and saliva with CK19 expression in OPMDs, and to compare it with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which was taken as positive control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Concentration of CYFRA21-1 was measured in saliva and serum of 30 OPMD cases with five patients having OSCC using ELISA technique and analysis of CK19 protein expression in the tissue of same patients using immunohistochemical technique was done. RESULTS: Concentration of CYFRA21-1 in saliva and serum with regard to CK19 protein expression in tissues was significantly higher in control group than in study groups. CONCLUSION: CYFRA21-1 can be used as a promising diagnostic molecule and as an adjunctive marker for early detection, disease staging, and monitoring.

Immunohistochemical expression of p53 and murine double minute 2 protein in odontogenic keratocyst versus variants of ameloblastoma.

INTRODUCTION: Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes play a major role in cancer formation, growth, and progression. One of the important findings in this area is that murine double minute 2 (MDM2) oncogene is a negative regulator of wild-type p53. In tumors, expressing wild-type p53, inhibition of MDM2 expression will stabilize p53 and allow it to perform its proapoptotic function, while simultaneously preventing MDM2 from exerting its p53-independent oncogenic effects. The intracellular levels of p53 are tightly regulated by MDM2, as it is a key player in autoregulatory feedback loop under nonstressed conditions. The p53-MDM2 relationship is vital not only for essential functions of the cell, but it also appears to be an integrated part of the complex cellular network which supports the importance of this affair and is a hallmark for its coexistence. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study was designed to identify immunohistochemically the expression of p53 and MDM2 gene using monoclonal antibody in 60 cases of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks, of which 20 cases were of solid multicystic ameloblastoma (SMA), 20 cases were of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), and 20 cases were of unicystic ameloblastoma (UA). RESULTS: Immunoexpression of p53 and MDM2 was highest in OKC followed by SMA and was minimum in UA. Further results showed positive correlation between both the molecules. CONCLUSION: The studied showed that the relationship has a significant role in cancer etiology and progression and therefore is an important topic for future research which should help in the development of new therapeutic agent against cancer.