[Use of unified methods in microbiologic monitoring of penicillin resistance in Pneumococcus]. / Primenenie unifitsirovannykh metodov pri mikrobiologicheskom monitoringe penitsillinorezistentnosti pnevmokokkov.

The microbiological surveillance of pneumococci according to the Protocols for the International Surveillance of Pneumococci Resistant to Penicillin and Other Antimicrobial Agents developed by Prof. M. Jacobs (USA) and Prof. P. Appelbaum (USA) made it possible for the first time in Russia to detect the strains with moderate resistance to penicillin. It is necessary to revise the current Russian recommendations for the laboratory diagnosis of pneumococcal infection and the determination of antibiotic susceptibility so as to participate in the united programme of the International Surveillance of Penicillin Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

[The microbial colonization of the skin of newborn infants rooming in with the mother in maternity homes]. / Mikrobnaia kolonizatsiia kozhi novorozhdennykh detei pri sovmestnom prebyvanii s mater'iu v rodil'nykh domakh.

The formation of skin biocenosis in children under the conditions of a maternity hospital with the joint care of mother and child was studied with the use of commercial bacteriological imprints manufactured in the USSR. The colonization of newborn infants in maternity hospitals with opportunistic, saprophytic and normal microflora was established. In newborn infants aged up to 5 years low skin resistance to colonization and, as a consequence, frequent colonization of the skin with opportunistic and saprophytic microflora was observed.

[Microbial colonization and succession on the faucial mucosa in newborn infants rooming in with their mothers in a maternity hospital]. / Mikrobnaia kolonizatsiia i suktsessiia na slizistoi obolochke zeva u novorozhdennykh detei pri sovmestnom s mater'iu prebyvanii v akusherskom statsionare.

The formation of microflora on the laryngeal mucosa in newborn infants during the first 5 days of their life was studied in one of the maternity hospitals of Moscow. In this work modern methods of the isolation and identification of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms were used, and the results thus obtained were computer-processed. In the maternity hospital of the "mother-child" type the microbial colonization of the laryngeal mucosa by normal and opportunistic microorganisms was noted in newborn infants. A wave-like course of the formation of laryngeal microflora, indicative of microbial succession occurring in the child, was revealed. The attempt to establish the cases of microbial interference between the species colonizing the laryngeal mucosa revealed that it was very rarely observed in 5-day-old newborns. This feature was seemingly the cause of low resistance of the larynx to colonization in newborn infants, which determined frequent colonization of their laryngeal mucosa with Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella.

[Streptococcus group B in a maternity home with a decentralized system of newborn infant care (of the mother-child type)]. / Streptokokki gruppy B v rodil'nom dome s detsentralizovannoi sistemoi obsluzhivaniia novorozhdennykh (po tipu mat'--ditia).

In a maternity hospital with the decentralized system of infant care the presence of the group B streptococcal colonization of puerperants (13.0 +/- 4.5%), newborn infants (25.0 +/- 4.4%) and medical staff (16.9 +/- 3.2%) was established. The strains isolated in this hospital belonged to 13 different serotypes and antigenic combinations with type 1 a/c dominating among them (28.7 +/- 4.8%). Group B streptococci were found to be transmitted by the vertical way in one out of two colonized mother-child pairs, in all other cases the nosocomial spread of streptococci occurred.

[Clinico-bacteriologic and immunologic characteristics of healthy newborn infants and their mothers]. / Kliniko-bakteriologicheskaia i immunologicheskaia kharakteristika zdorovykh novorozhdennykh i ikh materei.

A study was made of the establishment of biocenosis in the early neonatal period in healthy full-term neonates born to healthy mothers and in children belonging to a group at risk with an aggravated anamnesis but with no history of pyoinflammatory diseases. The study was related to bacterial colonization of the mother, amniotic fluid and placenta as well as to the immune status of the lying in woman and fetus. In 37% of children belonging to the group at risk, the minimal signs of intrauterine infection were discovered.

[Clinico-bacteriologic and immunologic criteria in the formation of suppurative-inflammatory pathology in newborn infants]. / Kliniko-bakteriologicheskie i immunologicheskie kriterii formirovaniia gnoino-vospalitel'noi patologii u novorozhdennykh detei.

Based on the results of clinico-bacteriological and immunological studies carried out in the early neonatal period in 65 neonates afflicted with pyoinflammatory diseases and in their mothers, diagnostic criteria for intrauterine and early neonatal infection were elaborated. The significance played in this process of the character and level of microbial colonization of the amniotic fluid, placenta, labor tract of the mother, intrauterine antigenic stimulation of the fetus, changes in the peripheral blood and inflammatory alterations in the placenta was defined. Clinical, bacteriological and immunological prognostic criteria for the risk of the development of pyoinflammatory diseases in neonates were elaborated.

[The sensitivity to 12 antibiotics of 125 strains of Streptococcus group B isolated in a maternity home]. / Izuchenie chuvstvitel'nosti k 12 antibiotikam 125 shtammov streptokokkov gruppy B, vydelennykh v rodil'nom dome.

Sensitivity of 125 strains of group B streptococci isolated from newborns, their mothers and personnel in a maternity home was studied with respect to 12 antibiotics: benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, methicillin, cephalotin, erythromycin, lincomycin, levomycetin (chloramphenicol), oxacillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin and ristomycin. The method of serial dilutions in a solid medium was applied. All the strains were sensitive to ristomycin and erythromycin. The predominating number of the strains were sensitive to lincomycin, levomycetin and the beta-lactam antibiotics. Strains resistant or moderately resistant to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, methicillin and cephalotin were detected. The majority of the strains were resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline and gentamicin. Multiple antibiotic resistance with 2-7 determinants was revealed in 11.2 per cent of the strains. The antibiotic sensitivity of the strains isolated from the newborns, their mothers and the personnel in the maternity home was on the whole similar or insignificantly differed.

[Ecologic and epidemiologic features of the circulation of streptococcus group B at a maternity clinic]. / Ekologicheskie i épidemiologicheskie osobennosti tsirkuliatsii streptokokkov gruppy B v rodil'nom dome.

In a maternity clinic the circulation of group B streptococci among the newborns, their mothers and the personnel was established during the period of 1982-1985. Group B streptococci were detected at different biotypes of newborns (the pharynx, the imbilical stump, external suditory meatus, nasal and oral mucosa, eyes and feces), their mothers (the vagina, the perianal area, breast milk, the pharynx, urine, the umbilical cord, amniotic fluid) and in the pharynx of the personnel. In this maternity clinic 15 combinations of type antigens were detected, two combinations (1a/c and 1 b/c) prevailing among them. These results confirmed earlier data concerning two possible ways of transferring infection to newborn infants: vertical, i.e. from the mother to the child during parturition, and nosocomial, i.e. from contaminated newborns or members of the personnel.

[A simplified method of counting microorganisms in studying human autoflora]. / Uproshchennaia metodika podscheta mikroorganizmov pri izuchenii autoflory cheloveka.

Formulae for the calculation of the count of microorganisms isolated from natural bacterial biocenoses of a child's body have been derived. The authors suggest a variant of simplified drip method for the computation of microorganism colonies in solid media. The described method helps cut down the nutrient media consumption at least 3-fold and is time-saving.

[Methodologic aspects of the isolation of beta-hemolytic streptococci]. / Metodicheskie osobennosti vydeleniia beta-gemoliticheskikh streptokokkov.

A quick test, Phadirect Strep A (Pharmacia, Sweden), for the detection of faucial streptococcus A (SA) within a few minutes was compared to bacteriologic investigation in 67 patients with rheumatic diseases and tonsillitis. The test is fairly sensitive and convenient for screening purposes, although nonspecific reactions are possible. Studies, carried out in a maternity hospital, have demonstrated the value of tests for the isolation and identification of streptococcus B (SB). Optimum nutrient media for SB isolation and identification techniques described. A coagglutination test for SB serotyping has been developed on the basis of a Soviet staphylococcal reagent, manufactured as a dry preparation, and put to clinical trial.

[Use of a coagglutination reaction based on a Soviet staphylococcal reagent for serogrouping Streptococcus group B and meningococci]. / Ispol'zovanie reaktsii koaggliutinatsii na osnove otechestvennogo stafilokokkovogo reagenta dlia serogruppirovaniia streptokokkov gruppy B i meningokokkov.

The coagglutination (COA) test is used for the serogrouping of streptococci, group B, and meningococci. The trial of a Soviet commercial preparation (staphylococcal reagent) has shown good prospects for its use in the COA test and high specificity of this test method. The availability of highly specific immune sera permits making standard kits for the identification of different infective agents in the COA test.

[Ecology of serogroup B streptococci in maternity hospitals (preliminary report)]. / Ekologiia streptokokkov serogruppy B v rodospomogatel'nykh uchrezhdeniiakh (predvaritel'noe soobshchenie).

Materials on the study of the colonization of newborns, their mothers and the medical staff of a maternity hospital by group B streptococci are presented. These streptococci were isolated from 26.3% of newborns, 19.6% of puerperae and 14.7% of the staff members. Group B streptococci were found to colonize different loci in newborns (the fauces, the nose, the umbilical cord, the ears, feces) and their mothers (the fauces, the vagina, the perianal fold, milk, the skin around the nipples, amniotic fluid, the umbilical cord). The serological typing of streptococci, isolated simultaneously from newborns and their mothers, suggested the presence of two possibilities of infecting the newborns with these microorganisms: (1) from their mothers and (2) from other newborns or members of the hospital staff during the stay in the maternity hospital.

[Choice of nutrient media for the laboratory diagnosis of Streptococcus group B]. / Podbor pitatel'nykh sred dlia laboratornoi diagnostiki streptokokkov gruppy B.

The comparative study of a large assortment of liquid and solid culture media used for the cultivation of streptococci in laboratory practice in the USSR and abroad was carried out with the aim of selecting the optimal media for the laboratory diagnosis of group B. streptococci. Liquid media were tested with the use of 7 streptococcal reference strains, and some of these media, found to yield the best results, were selected for tests on clinical material. The use of liquid accumulation media was shown to permit the isolation of group B. streptococcal strains which could not be detected by the direct inoculation of clinical material into dishes with blood agar. The character of hemolysis induced by group B. streptococci in solid media with 5% of blood added was found to depend on the composition of the medium and the conditions of cultivation.