Linseed oil can decrease liver fat deposition and improve antioxidant ability of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides.

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of linseed oil (LO) on growth, plasma biochemistry, hepatic metabolism enzymes, and antioxidant capacity of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Four isonitrogenous (crude protein, 45%) and isoenergetic (gross energy, 18 MJ/kg) diets were formulated by replacing 0 (the control), 33.3%, 66.7%, and 100% of fish oil with linseed oil. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish (initial body weight, 22.02 ± 0.61 g) for 8 weeks. The results indicated that fish fed diet with 100% LO substitution level had lower weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than the other groups (P < 0.05), while feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Feed intake (FI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) of 66.7% LO substitution level were significantly lower than the control groups (P < 0.05). Glycogen, lipid, and non-esterified fatty acid content in the liver decreased significantly with increasing dietary LO levels (P < 0.05). Moreover, the replacement of fish oil (FO) with LO could significantly reduce the content of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) and the activity of alanine amiotransferase (ALT) in plasma of M. salmoides (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in hepatic metabolism enzymes in fish fed diets with different dietary LO levels. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-α) activities in liver significantly increased with increasing dietary LO level (P < 0.05). In addition, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) activities in the liver significantly increased with decreasing dietary LO level (P < 0.05). Both the lowest superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver were recorded in the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, nitric oxide content, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activities in the liver significantly increased with increasing dietary LO level, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content significantly reduced. These findings demonstrated that LO can improve liver function and antioxidant ability of M. salmoides. In addition, replacing partial FO with LO cannot affect growth performance, but all substitutions inhibit growth performance of M. salmoides.

Effect of high dietary starch levels on growth, hepatic glucose metabolism, oxidative status and immune response of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides.

An experimental trial was conducted to investigate the effects of high dietary starch levels on growth, hepatic glucose metabolism enzyme, antioxidant capacity and immune responses of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Fish (initial body weight: 16.9 ±â€¯0.24 g) were fed three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi-purified diets containing 5%, 10% and 20% wheat starch, respectively. The results indicated that fish fed 5% and 10% starch diets showed significantly better weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with that fed 20% starch diet. Meanwhile, fish fed 20% starch diet had a significantly higher hepatic glycogen and muscle glycogen contents than those fed the other diets. The alanine amiotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities, glucose and insulin contents in plasma increased significantly with dietary starch levels, whereas triglyceride content showed the opposite trend. In addition, the highest glucokinase (GK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities in liver were also observed in fish fed 20% starch diet. However, both fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activities in liver decreased significantly as dietary starch levels increased. Moreover, the lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), the higher malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in liver were observed in fish fed 20% starch diets. Compared to the 5% and 10% starch, the 20% starch could enhance the content of plasma nitric oxide (NO) and the activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results demonstrate that the starch levels may affect growth performance and metabolic changes, which suggest that high-starch diets were inefficiently used as an energy source by M. salmoides juveniles. Excessive dietary starch contents could result in oxidative stress, suppress innate immunity, and thus affect the health status of M. salmoides.