The species distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Nocardia species in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Nocardia species can cause local or disseminated infection. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment of nocardiosis are required, because it can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Knowledge of local species distribution and susceptibility patterns is important to appropriate empiric therapy. However, knowledge on the epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of clinical Nocardia species remains limited in China. METHODS: The data of isolation of Nocardia species were collected from databases such as Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase as well as Chinese databases (CNKI, Wanfang and VIP). Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Random effect models were used and tested with Cochran's Q and I2 statistics taking into account the possibility of heterogeneity between studies. RESULTS: In total, 791 Nocardia isolates were identified to 19 species levels among all the recruited studies. The most common species were N. farcinica (29.1%, 230/791), followed by N. cyriacigeorgica (25.3%, 200/791), N. brasiliensis (11.8%, 93/791) and N. otitidiscaviarum (7.8%, 62/791). N. farcinica and N. cyriacigeorgica were widely distributed, N. brasiliensis mainly prevalent in the south, N. otitidiscaviarum mainly distributed in the eastern coastal provinces of China. Totally, 70.4% (223/317) Nocardia were cultured from respiratory tract specimens, 16.4% (52/317) from extra-pulmonary specimens, and 13.3% (42/317) from disseminated infection. The proportion of susceptible isolates as follows: linezolid 99.5% (197/198), amikacin 96.0% (190/198), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 92.9% (184/198), imipenem 64.7% (128/198). Susceptibility varied by species of Nocardia. CONCLUSIONS: N. farcinica and N. cyriacigeorgica are the most frequently isolated species, which are widely distributed in China. Pulmonary nocardiosis is the most common type of infection. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole can still be the preferred agent for initial Nocardia infection therapy due to the low resistance rate, linezolid and amikacin could be an alternative to treat nocardiosis or a choice in a combination regimen.

Different photoprotective strategies for white leaves between two co-occurring Actinidia species.

At the outer canopy, the white leaves of Actinidia kolomikta can turn pink but they stay white in A. polygama. We hypothesized that the different leaf colors in the two Actinidia species may represent different photoprotection strategies. To test the hypothesis, leaf optical spectra, anatomy, chlorophyll a fluorescence, superoxide (O2 ˙- ) concentration, photosystem II photo-susceptibility, and expression of anthocyanin-related genes were investigated. On the adaxial side, light reflectance was the highest for white leaves of A. kolomikta, followed by its pink leaves and white leaves of A. polygama, and the absorptance for white leaves of A. kolomikta was the lowest. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content of white and pink leaves in A. kolomikta were significantly lower than those of A. polygama, while the relative anthocyanin content of pink leaves was the highest. Chloroplasts of palisade cells of white leaves in A. kolomikta were not well developed with a lower maximum quantum efficiency of PSII than the other types of leaves (pink leaves of A. kolomikta and white leaves of A. Polygama at the inner/outer canopy). After high light treatment from the abaxial surface, Fv /Fm decreased to a larger extent for white leaves of A. kolomikta than pink leaf and white leaves of A. polygama, and its non-photochemical quenching was also the lowest. White leaves of A. kolomikta showed higher O2 ˙- concentration compared to pink leaves under the same strong irradiance. The expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in pink leaves were higher than in white leaves. These results indicate that white leaves of A. kolomikta apply a reflection strategy for photoprotection, while pink leaves resist photoinhibition via anthocyanin accumulation.

Identification of serum MiRNAs as candidate biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is one of the most common solid tumors worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-associated death. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is accounts for approximately 85% of all the lung cancers and lung squamous carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) are the main subtypes of NSCLC. Early diagnose using serum biomarkers could improve the overall survival of patients. In this study, we aimed to identify miRNAs from serum with clinical utility in the diagnosis of NSCLC. METHODS: Ten patients with SCC, ten patients with ADC and five noncancerous individuals were enrolled in the screening cohort. miRNA expression levels in serum were measured by microarray analysis. Candidate miRNAs were validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis in a validation cohort of 78 NSCLC patients and 44 noncancerous individuals. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the diagnostic performance of serum miRNAs for NSCLC. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of the combination of markers. RESULTS: Six candidate miRNAs were differentially expressed between NSCLC patients and noncancerous individuals in the screening set (fold change > 2, p < 0.05). Among them, expression levels of miR-3149 and miR-4769.3p were confirmed to be significantly increased in tumor serum in the validation set. The area under the curve values of miR-3149 and miR-4769.3p in distinguishing NSCLC patients from noncancerous controls were 0.830 and 0.735, respectively. When combined with tumor markers CEA and Cyfra21-1, the joint diagnostic model increased the area under the curve to 0.898. CONCLUSION: Serum miRNAs miR-3149 and miR-4769.3p were up-regulated in NSCLC and may be potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of lung cancer.

Enhancement of Photosynthetic Capacity in Spongy Mesophyll Cells in White Leaves of Actinidia kolomikta.

Considering that Actinidia kolomikta bears abundant white leaves on reproductive branches during blossoming, we hypothesized that the white leaves may maintain photosynthetic capacity by adjustments of leaf anatomy and physiological regulation. To test this hypothesis, leaf anatomy, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and the transcriptome were examined in white leaves of A. kolomikta during flowering. The palisade and spongy mesophyll in the white leaves were thicker than those in green ones. Chloroplast development in palisade parenchyma of white leaves was abnormal, whereas spongy parenchyma of white leaves contained functional chloroplasts. The highest photosynthetic rate of white leaves was ~82% of that of green leaves over the course of the day. In addition, the maximum quantum yield of PSII (F v/F m) of the palisade mesophyll in white leaves was significantly lower than those of green ones, whereas F v/F m and quantum yield for electron transport were significantly higher in the spongy mesophyll of white leaves. Photosynthetic capacity regulation of white leaf also was attributed to upregulation or downregulation of some key genes involving in photosynthesis. Particularly, upregulation of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), glyeraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and RuBisCO activase (RCA) in white leaf suggested that they might be involved in regulation of sugar synthesis and Rubisco activase in maintaining photosynthetic capacity of white leaf. Conclusions: white leaves contained a thicker mesophyll layer and higher photosynthetic activity in spongy parenchyma cells than those of palisade parenchyma cells. This may compensate for the lowered photosynthetic capacity of the palisade mesophyll. Consequently, white leaves maintain a relatively high photosynthetic capacity in the field.

The isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 is a potential prognostic indicator for non-small cell lung cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: The serum isocitrate dehydrogenase 1(IDH1) level is significantly elevated in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has important clinical value as a marker for early diagnosis. This study examined the dynamic changes of serum IDH1 levels of patients with NSCLC undergoing surgery or medical treatment, to evaluate its potential prognostic value. METHODS: The study cohort included 83 NSCLC patients who underwent surgery, 37 NSCLC patients who underwent medical treatment, 50 healthy controls, and 52 disease controls. Serum levels of IDH1 were assayed by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Tumor biomarkers including carcinoembryonic antigen, squamous cell carcinoma, neuron-specific enolase, CYFRA21-1, and pro-gastrin-releasing peptide-which are currently used in clinical practice-were measured by automatic immunoanalyzers. RESULTS: Serum IDH1 was significantly higher in patients with NSCLC compared with healthy people or patients with benign lung diseases (p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for diagnosis and differential diagnosis were 0.897 and 0.879, respectively, which were superior to the five tumor markers. Serum IDH1 levels decreased in most patients after surgery, with the most dramatic changes in patients with stage I tumors compared with stage II and III. Analyses of changes in the serum IDH1 level of patients after receiving chemotherapy or targeted therapy revealed that for patients with progressive disease, serum IDH1 increased significantly after treatment; for patients with partial response or stable disease, it decreased steadily. CONCLUSION: IDH1 has potential prognostic value and may be used as a marker for the monitoring of treatment efficacy.

The Clinical Significance of Serum MASP-2 and IDH1 in the Early Diagnosis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The lack of effective means for the early diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of the high mortality of NSCLC. This study aims to evaluate the clinical significance of serum mannan-binding lectin associated serine protease (MASP)-2 and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) in the early diagnosis of NSCLC. METHODS: The serum levels of MASP-2 and IDH1 were detected in 139 NSCLC patients, 46 patients with benign lung diseases and 61 healthy controls, using an enzyme linked immunosorbent method. The diagnostic significance in NSCLC of the two tumor markers were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. In addition, we compared the two markers with the current commonly used tumor marker cytokeratin 19 fragment (Cy¬fra21-1). RESULTS: The serum levels of MASP-2 and IDH1 in the NSCLC patients were significantly higher than those of healthy controls and patients with benign lung diseases. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.01). The combined sensitivity of MASP-2, IDH1, and Cyfra21-1 in the NSCLC was 68.3%, which was significantly higher than that of the single tumor marker (p < 0.01). The sensitivities of MASP-2 and IDH1 in detecting early NSCLC (stage I and stage II) were 39.0% and 41.5%, which were significantly higher than that of Cyfra21-1 (p < 0.05). The area under the ROC curves (AUCs) of MASP-2 and IDH1 in the diagnosis of NSCLC were 0.621, and 0.840, which were higher than that of Cyfra21-1 (AUC = 0.606). CONCLUSIONS: Serum MASP-2 and IDH1 may be used as potential tumor markers for the auxiliary diagnosis and early diagnosis of NSCLC.

Prognostic Significance of Serum miR-22, miR-125b, and miR-15b in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that miRNA (miR) can be stably detected in serum, and aberrant expression of various miRNAs has shown diagnostic value in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, the role of miRNA in the context of prognosis has not been extensively investigated. Our previous study reported that miR-22, miR-125b, and miR-15b in serum had potential for use as tumor markers for auxiliary diagnosing of NSCLC. Therefore, the objective of this study was to detect the levels of miR-22, miR-125b, and miR-15b in serum from NSCLC patients and explore the potential prognostic significance of the three selected miRNAs. METHODS: The relative expression of miR-22, miR-125b, and miR-15b in 74 patients with advanced NSCLC in pre- and post-chemotherapy were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Serum level of miR-125b significantly decreased after chemotherapy (p < 0.05) and the levels of miR-15b significantly increased (p < 0.01), while there was no change in the level of serum miR-22 (Z = 0.716, p > 0.05). Compared with pre-chemotherapy, serum miR-125b expression in advanced NSCLC patients of responders (CR + PR) were significantly decreased post-chemotherapy (p < 0.05); serum miR-15b expression in advanced NSCLC patients of responders (CR + PR) were increased (p < 0.01). The chemotherapy sensitivity of advanced NSCLC patients with high expression of miR-125b was lower than that of NSCLC patients with low expression (p < 0.05). The chemotherapy sensitivity of advanced NSCLC patients with high expression of miR-15b was higher than that of NSCLC patients with low expression (p < 0.05). High levels of serum miR-125b and low levels of serum miR-15b were related to poor overall survival (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The serum levels of miR-125b and miR-15b in advanced NSCLC patients were changed pre- and post-chemotherapy and these changes were associated with chemotherapeutic response. Serum miR-125b and miR-15b have certain potential clinical value for chemotherapeutic response in advanced NSCLC. The serum levels of miR-125b and miR-15b in patients with advanced NSCLC before treatment may be used to estimate the overall survival.

Utility of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 as a serum protein biomarker for the early detection of non-small-cell lung cancer: A multicenter in vitro diagnostic clinical trial.

We aimed to verify the expression status and diagnostic significance of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially during early stages. Serum IDH1 levels were measured by ELISA. A total of 1223 participants (660 patients with NSCLC, 276 healthy controls [HCs], 95 patients with benign pulmonary conditions [BPCs], 135 patients with other cancers [OCs], and 57 samples with interfering factors) were divided into a training cohort and a validation cohort according to 3 testing centers. The IDH1 concentrations in the NSCLC group were obviously higher than those in the control groups (P < .001). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) for discriminating NSCLC patients from controls (HC, BPC, and OC) were 0.870 and 0.745 (sensitivity, 63.3% and 55.0%; specificity, 86.8% and 86.3%) in the training cohort and validation cohort, respectively. The AUCs for discriminating stage 0-IA lung cancer patients from HCs were 0.907 and 0.788 (sensitivity, 58.6% and 59.1%; specificity, 92.9% and 89.3%) in 2 cohorts, respectively. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 showed specificity for NSCLC and had no diagnostic value for other common cancers. Furthermore, IDH1 was significantly reduced in postoperative serum. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 shows clinical utility as a serum protein biomarker for the early diagnosis of NSCLC.

Nivolumab-induced Thyroid Dysfunctions in Patients with Previously Treated Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Nivolumab, a fully human IgG4 programmed cell death-1 checkpoint inhibitor, demonstrated its benefit of prolonged survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, nivolumab generated unique immune-related adverse events such as thyroid dysfunctions. Herein we assessed nivolumab-induced thyroid dysfunctions in patients with previously treated advanced NSCLC in our hospital. METHODS: The medical records of 11 patients with advanced NSCLC who were initiated with nivolumab treatment between June 28, 2018, and January 15, 2019, in our hospital were reviewed. Serological tests of thyroid-stimulating hormone and free tetraiodothyronine were measured at baseline and every 8 weeks. RESULTS: Three out of 11 patients developed new-onset hypothyroidism during the treatment, and two of three patients had transient hyperthyroidism first. Two patients were diagnosed with Grade 2 hypothyroidism and received levothyroxine therapy. The other one was Grade 1 hypothyroidism and asymptomatic. All these three patients continued nivolumab therapy. CONCLUSION: Nivolumab-induced thyroid dysfunctions in advanced NSCLC were mostly mild and controlled. Thyroid function needs to be monitored for early prediction and appropriate managements of thyroid dysfunctions.

Association of mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms with the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in China.

BACKGROUND: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an important protein in the lectin pathway of the immune system. This study explores the association between MBL polymorphism and the susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB). The association between the MBL2 polymorphisms and serum MBL levels is also analyzed in the present study. METHODS: A total of 112 inpatients with pulmonary TB and 120 healthy controls were recruited to participate in this case-control study. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) technology was used to genotype MBL gene (variants in -221Y/X and exon l codons 54 A/B). Serum MBL level was assayed by human MBL ELISA kit. Demographic data and exposure information were also obtained from the study participants. RESULTS: Genotypes YA/YA of MBL gene were more prevalent in the healthy control group than in the TB patient (P =0.038, OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.34-0.97) and genotypes XA/XA were less frequent in the healthy control group (P =0.007, OR, 6.42; 95% CI, 1.39-29.67). The resistant diplotype was more frequently found in the younger patients and retreatment cases with TB in MBL gene sites -221Y/X or codon 54 A/B. X/Y and A/B polymorphisms were strong determinants of serum MBL levels. CONCLUSION: The polymorphisms of MBL gene may be associated with susceptibility to TB and the recurrence of TB. The YA/YA may be a protected diplotype against TB.

Significance of Serum MicroRNAs in the Auxiliary Diagnosis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The lack of effective means for the early diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of the high mortality associated with this form of lung cancer. This study aims to explore the potential significance of serum miRNA in the auxiliary diagnosis of NSCLC. METHODS: The relative serum levels of 10 miRNAs in 120 patients with NSCLC, 45 patients with benign lung diseases, and 45 healthy controls were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were then used to analyze the significance of the expression of these 10 miRNAs in the diagnosis of NSCLC, as well as to compare them with the current commonly used tumor marker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). RESULTS: The serum levels of miR-125b and miR-22 in the NSCLC patients were significantly higher than those in the other two groups (p < 0.05), but the serum expression of miR-15b in the NSCLC patients was significantly lower than that in the other two groups (p < 0.01). The sensitivities of serum miR-22 and miR-15b in detecting early NSCLC (stage I + II) were significantly higher than that of CEA (p < 0.05). Area under the curves (AUCs) of serum miR-22, miR-125b, and miR-15b in the diagnosis of NSCLC were 0.725, 0.704, and 0.619, respectively, and the diagnostic significance of these three serum miRNAs for NSCLC was higher than that of serum CEA (AUC = 0.594). CONCLUSIONS: Serum miRNAs have potential as NSCLC-screening tumor markers, and serum miR-22 and miR15b might be used as reference indexes for the early diagnosis of NSCLC in the future.

Basic fibroblast growth factor shows prognostic impact on survival in operable non-small cell lung cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: The important role of angiogenesis displaying in tumor development and metastasis has been generally realized. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and endostatin (ES) are critical members of angiogenesis modulating the balance between pro-angiogenenic and anti-angiogenenic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the circulating level of these factors in serum and explore their prognostic significance in 96 operable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS: Pre-operational serum VEGF, bFGF, and ES were determined by commercially available enzyme-link immunosorbent assay for 96 NSCLC patients and compared to a cohort of healthy controls (n = 51). Values were correlated with clinicopathological features and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: The pretreatment serum levels of VEGF, bFGF and ES in NSCLC were significantly higher than in the healthy control (P < 0.001, P = 0.009 and P = 0.016, respectively). Univariate survival analysis showed that a high bFGF level correlated with shorter OS and remained an independent factor in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.918, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.061-3.464). In the squamous subtype, a high bFGF indicated a particularly poor prognosis (HR = 2.609, 95% CI, 1.188-5.729). CONCLUSIONS: bFGF is an independent predictor of poor survival in patients with NSCLC. For patients with high serum bFGF, aggressive antitumor treatments should be given after surgery. Approaches targeting the bFGF signaling pathway should be considered as potentially promising therapeutic strategies in NSCLC, especially for the squamous subtype.

Application of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy and Simultaneous Integrated Boost Techniques to Prepare "Safe Margin" in the Rabbit VX2 Limb Tumor Model.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we aimed to establish the rabbit VX2 limb tumor model, and then prepare a "necrotic zone" as a safe margin by volumetric modulated arc therapy and simultaneous integrated boost (VMAT-SIB) technique applied in the areas where the tumor is located adjacent to the bone (GTVboost area). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Rabbits in the control group (n=10) were not treated, while those in the test group (n=10) were treated with the SIB schedule delivering a dose of 40Gy, 35Gy, 30Gy, and 25Gy to the GTVboost, GTV (gross tumor volume), CTV (clinical target volume), and PTV (planning target volume) in 10 fractions. Magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (MRDWI), 3-dimensional power Doppler angiography (3D-PDA), and histological changes were observed after radiotherapy. RESULTS: After radiotherapy, the two groups showed a significant difference in the GTVboost area. In the test group, the tumor necrosis showed a significantly low signal in DWI and high signal in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. The 3D-PDA observation showed that tumor vascular structures decreased significantly. Histological analysis demonstrated that a necrotic zone could be generated in the GTVboost area, and microscopic examination observed cell necrosis and fibroplasia. CONCLUSIONS: This studies demonstrated the feasibility of using VMAT-SIB technique in the rabbit VX2 limb tumor model. The formation of a necrotic zone can be effectively defined as safe margin in the GTVboost area. showing potential clinical applicability.

Reduction of Serum Cytokeratin-3A9 is Associated with Chemotherapeutic Response in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Many tumor markers have been analyzed for applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of cancer. Currently chemotherapy is routinely performed for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The purpose of this study was to examine the serum tumor biomarker of cytokeratin (CK)-3A9 level in patients with NSCLC and its potential correlation with chemotherapeutic response. METHODS: The serum samples of 196 NSCLC patients, 84 healthy controls, and 87 benign lung disease patients were provided for measurement of CK-3A9 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Serum CK-3A9 concentration was examined using a chemoluminescent method. The potential correlation between serum CK18-3A9 concentration and chemotherapeutic response was analyzed in 124 patients with advanced NSCLC (stages III and IV). RESULTS: The serum CK-3A9 levels in NSCLC patients pre-chemotherapy were significantly higher than those of healthy controls and benign lung disease patients (p < 0.01). CK-3A9 was related to Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stages (p < 0.01) and histological classification (p < 0.05), but not related to age, gender, smoking status, and chemotherapy regimen (all p > 0.05). The testing results of serum CK-3A9 levels showed a higher sensitivity than that for CEA (48.2% and 39.5%, respectively). The chemotherapeutic response in the 124 patients with advanced NSCLC included 0 complete response (CR), 50 partial response (PR), 65 no change (NC), and 9 progression disease (PD). Post-chemotherapy CK-3A9 levels were significantly decreased compared to pre-chemotherapy (p < 0.05). The serum CK-3A9 levels in patients who achieved PR declined significantly compared to those who did not respond (SD + PD) after 2 cycles chemotherapy (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: CK-3A9 appeared to be a new biomarker for reliable, cost-effective prediction of the efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC, although the results should be confirmed in larger studies.

Using specific length amplified fragment sequencing to construct the high-density genetic map for Vitis (Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis amurensis Rupr.).

In this study, 149 F1 plants from the interspecific cross between 'Red Globe' (Vitis vinifera L.) and 'Shuangyou' (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) and the parent were used to construct a molecular genetic linkage map by using the specific length amplified fragment sequencing technique. DNA sequencing generated 41.282 Gb data consisting of 206,411,693 paired-end reads. The average sequencing depths were 68.35 for 'Red Globe,' 63.65 for 'Shuangyou,' and 8.01 for each progeny. In all, 115,629 high-quality specific length amplified fragments were detected, of which 42,279 were polymorphic. The genetic map was constructed using 7,199 of these polymorphic markers. These polymorphic markers were assigned to 19 linkage groups; the total length of the map was 1929.13 cm, with an average distance of 0.28 cm between each maker. To our knowledge, the genetic maps constructed in this study contain the largest number of molecular markers. These high-density genetic maps might form the basis for the fine quantitative trait loci mapping and molecular-assisted breeding of grape.

The clinical value of new tumor biomarker cytokeratin 2G2 detection in non-small cell lung cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Many tumor markers are analyzed for usefulness in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new type of tumor biomarker, cytokeratin (CK)-2G2, in serum for the early diagnosis, confirmative diagnosis as well as assessment of treatments of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Use a chemiluminescent method to examine the serum CK-2G2 levels in 100 patients with non-malignant lung diseases and 100 cases from the healthy population, as well as 124 cases of NSCLC patients prior to chemotherapy, after one course of treatment and after two courses of treatment. RESULTS: The average levels of CK-2G2 in the serum of NSCLC patients was found to be significantly higher than that of the group of non-malignant patients as well as the healthy control group (p < 0.01). It was further observed that CK-2G2 is markedly higher in squamous-cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma (p < 0.05) whereas CK-2G2 was found to be higher in stages III and IV than stages I and II (p < 0.05) and CK-2G2 is markedly higher in large tumor size (> 3cm) than in small tumor size (< or = 3cm) (p < 0.05). Serum CK-2G2 levels for patients with cancer progression were found to increase after two courses of chemotherapy (p < 0.01) whereas patients with stabilized tumorigenesis or tumor regression showed a significant trend of CK-2G2 decrease (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Detection of the new tumor biomarker CK-2G2 has certain clinical values for early diagnosis, verification of diagnosis as well as classification of patients. Thus it is warranted that CK-2G2 be widely deployed as a new type of cost effective parameter for evaluating efficacy of chemotherapy of NSCLC.

[Correlation of postoperative serum VEGF levels with platelet counts in non-small cell lung cancer].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It ha been proven that serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration was elevated significantly after surgery in patients of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Platelet may be the main resource of serum VEGF. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between postoperative dynamic changes of serum VEGF levels and platelet counts in patients of NSCLC who underwent surgery. METHODS: Serum VEGF levels were determined in 76 patients of NSCLC who were treated with surgery by ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) method before operation and on postoperative day 1, 7. At the same day the concentrations of platelet were determined. RESULTS (1) Serum VEGF in patients of NSCLC on preoperative day, postoperative 1 day and 7 day were (842.06 +/- 527.24) pg/mL, (1 119.28 +/- 609.62) pg/mL, (1 574.09 +/- 873.38) pg/mL, respectively (P < 0.001); (2) Platelet counts in patients of NSCLC on preoperative day, postoperative 1 day and 7 day were (230.42 +/- 82.56 x 10(9)/L, (196.47 +/- 81.48) x 10(9)/L, (237.90 +/- 86.94) x 10(9)/L; the value on postoperative 1 day was the lowest (P < 0.001); (3) On postoperative 7 day, serum VEGF in the group of lower than the mean and higher than the mean were respectively (1 398.81 +/- 734.00) pg/mL and (1 842.86 +/- 1 006.63) pg/mL (P = 0.043). CONCLUSION: Serum VEGF in patients of NSCLC after surgery were elevated. In the group of higher platelet counts, serum VEGF increased more significantly.

[Clinical value of serum TPS, CEA, Pro-GRP and CYFRA21-1 in patients with lung cancer].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Serum tumor markers play important roles in diagnosis, response and prognosis monitoring for lung cancer. The clinical significance of serum level of tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) was investigated in diagnosis, response monitoring and prognosis in patients with lung cancer, compared with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), precursor of gastrin-releasing peptide (Pro-GRP) and cytokeratin-19-fragments (CYFRA21-1). METHODS: Blood samples of eighty-two patients with lung cancer before treatment and some after chemotherapy were measured by ELISA for four tumor markers. RESULTS: Compared with lung benign diseases group and health control group, the positive rates and levels of TPS, CEA and Pro-GRP in patients with lung cancer were higher, with statistically significant difference. TPS in extensive-small cell lung cancer was significant higher than that in limited-small cell lung cancer. The positive rates and levels of TPS, CEA and Pro-GRP in patients after treatment had significant decreases compared with before treatment. TPS was an independent prognostic factor of non-small cell lung cancer. CONCLUSION: TPS is valuable to diagnosis, response monitoring for patients with lung cancer, moreover, it maybe a useful factor of prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer.

[The value of serum tumor marker in the diagnosis of lung cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate five serum tumor markers used alone or in combination for the diagnosis of lung cancer. METHODS: The level of five serum tumor markers: NSE, pro-GRP, CYFRA21-1, p53 antibody and CEA was detected by ELISA in 50 healthy adults, 170 lung cancer patients and 60 patients with respiratory infection. RESULTS: The level of the five serum tumor markers in lung cancer patients was significantly higher than that of healthy adults and patients with respiratory infection (P < 0.01). The level of NSE and pro-GRP in patients with small-cell lung cancer was significantly higher than those of the other subtypes of lung cancer (P < 0.01); The level of CYFRA21-1 in patients with squamous-cell carcinoma was significantly higher than that of other subtypes (P < 0.01). The specificity of p53 antibody was 100% in diagnosing lung cancer and the sensitivity of NSE, pro-GRP was much higher for small-cell lung cancer than for other subtypes (P < 0.01); The same was observed in CYFRA21-1 for the diagnosis of squamous-cell carcinoma (P < 0.01). The sensitivity of the tumor markers in diagnosing lung cancer was significantly enhanced if used in combination (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: These five tumor markers are valuable auxiliary parameters in diagnosing lung cancer. The combination of NSE and pro-GRP is more appropriate than other combinations in diagnosing small-cell lung cancer; the combination of CYFRA21-1, CEA and p53 antibody is the most valuable combination for diagnosing non-small-cell lung cancer. p53 antibody has the highest specificity for diagnosing lung cancer; CYFRA21-1 is the most valuable parameter for diagnosing squamous carcinoma.