Effects of gastrokine­2 expression on gastric cancer cell apoptosis by activation of extrinsic apoptotic pathways.

Gastrokine­2 is a putative gastric cancer­specific tumor suppressor gene, the loss of which is known to be involved in the development and progression of gastric cancer, and restoration of gastrokine­2 expression inhibits growth of gastric cancer cells in vitro. However, the underlying mechanism of these effects requires elucidation. In the present study, expression patterns of gastrokine­2 protein were examined in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. Expression of gastrokine­2 was restored in gastric cancer cells in order to assess its effect on cell viability, apoptosis and gene expression. A total of 76 gastric cancer tissues with corresponding normal mucosae samples, and two gastric cancer cell lines (SGC­7901 and AGS) were subjected to western blot analysis of gastrokine­2 expression. SGC­7901 cells were transiently transfected with gastrokine­2 cDNA and then treated with anti­CD95 and/or anti­Fas antibodies prior to analysis of cell viability, apoptosis and gene expression levels. Expression of gastrokine­2 protein was reduced or absent in gastric cancer tissues and gastric cancer cell lines. Following restoration of gastrokine­2 expression, the protein expression level of Fas was significantly increased, but no marked change was observed in the levels of bcl­2 and Bax proteins. Expression of gastrokine­2 protein reduced gastric cancer cell viability and induced apoptosis. Activity of caspase­3 and caspase­8 was increased, but caspase­9 activity remained unchanged in the SGC­7901 cells. Reduction or knockout of gastrokine­2 protein expression may contribute to gastric cancer development or progression, as the current study demonstrated that restoration of gastrokine­2 expression induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells through the extrinsic apoptosis pathway.

[Assessment of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer: status quo, recent advances and new perspectives].

The precondition of accurate gastric cancer surgery is precise assessment of lymph node metastasis. To date, no imaging modality achieves both high sensitivity and high specificity in detecting lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. Intraoperative sentinel node tracing and biopsy are the most popular method to identify the localization of tumor cell, but is limited to early gastric cancer. Nano-composite materials, designed for tumor imaging and tracing, show us a newly emerging domain for tumor detection in gastric cancer. The function of these nano-composite materials to detect lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer relies on the effective backflow of lymph system. However, the lymph vessels can be obstructed by tumor cells in advanced gastric cancer, which may restrain the application of these nanoparticles. Therefore, more methods to detect lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer should be explored. This review summarizes the characteristic of the targeted nanosphere. Based on the reported studies, a novel idea is conceived that targeted multifunctional nanosphere may be a potential method to achieve precise assessment of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer.