PD-1/PDL1 and CD28/CD80 pathways modulate natural killer T cell function to inhibit hepatitis B virus replication.

α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-activated natural killer T (NKT) cells have antiviral properties against hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, α-GalCer activation of NKT cells can induce anergy. We hypothesized that this effect may be overcome by a treatment strategy that includes manipulation of CD28/CD80 costimulatory and PD-1/PDL1 coinhibitory signals of NKT cells, thereby enhancing the anti-HBV effect of α-GalCer. We established a transgenic mouse model of chronic HBV infection and investigated hepatic NKT cell frequencies, functions and expression of immunomodulatory factors. Our results showed that compared with uninfected control mice, hepatic NKT cells from HBV transgenic mice displayed lower frequencies (7.91% vs 16.74%, P < 0.05), impaired capabilities to produce interferon (IFN)-γ (5.6% vs 1.4%, P < 0.05) and interleukin (IL)-4 (6.8% vs 0.3%, P < 0.05), higher expression of PD-1 (9.64% vs 6.36%, P < 0.05) and lower expression of CD28 (5.05% vs 28.88%, P < 0.05). However, when hepatic mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated from HBV transgenic mice, α-GalCer exposure in culture remarkably upregulated both PD-1(+) NKT cells (P < 0.05) and CD28(+) NKT cells (P < 0.05). Furthermore, when HBV transgenic mice were treated with combination therapies consisting of α-GalCer and anti-PDL1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and/or anti-CD80/anti-CD28 mAbs, IFN-γ(+) NKT cell frequency was selectively increased (P < 0.05) and HBV replication was suppressed; these effects were accompanied by varying degrees and types of liver damage. Surprisingly, activating CD28/CD80 signal in HBV transgenic mice was more effective but caused less liver injury than blocking PD-1/PDL1 signal in modulating αGalCer-activated NKT cell function to inhibit HBV infection. Our findings also show that combined therapy with blocking PD-1/PDL1 and activating CD28/CD80 signal in the presence of aGalCer cannot superimpose the effect of antivirus. α-GalCer combination therapy that modulates the CD28/CD80 pathways of NKT cells may represent a promising approach to inhibit HBV replication in chronically infected patients.

Effects of antiviral therapy with Telbivudine on peripheral iNKT cells in HBeAg(+) chronic hepatitis B patients.

iNKT cells are relatively abundant in the liver, which suggests that they may play important roles in the clearance of invading foreign pathogens such as hepatitis B virus. In this study, we investigated the frequencies, functions and PD-1 expression of peripheral iNKT cells from HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients during antiviral treatment with Telbivudine. Results demonstrated that as compared with the healthy donors, the peripheral iNKT cells from these patients existed at lower frequencies, displayed impaired capabilities to produce IFN-γ and expressed higher PD-1. Antiviral treatment with Telbivudine significantly increased IFN-γ production by iNKT cells, which may be associated with the decreased PD-1 expression as manifested by blocking experiments. Our study suggested that iNKT cells played an important role in the chronicity of HBV infection and antiviral therapy with Telbivudine could restore at least in part the impaired host immune response in the HBeAg-positive CHB patients.