ABSTRACT
Salvia plebeia has been in use as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for more than 500 years. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of S. plebeia was sequenced, assembled and compared to those of other five published Salvia cp genomes. It was found that the cp genome structure of S. plebeia was well conserved and had a total size of 151 062 bp. Four parameters were used to display the usage conditions of the codons of the amino acids in Salvia genus. Although the number of protein-coding genes in each species was the same, the total number of codons was different. Except for amino acids Trp and Met whose Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU) value of one condon was equal to 1, the remaining 19 amino acids had 1-3 preferred codons. The preferred codon names of each amino acid were coincident. The period size for the tandem repeats of six species ranged from 9 to 410 bp. Salvia cp genomes mainly possessed tandem repeats with a copy number less than or equal to 3. The sequence length of tandem repeats of the six species ranged from 25 to 824 bp. Highly viarable regions including four intergenic spacers and six partial genes were discovered as potential specific barcodes for Salvia species through cp genome-wide comparison. Finally, we performed phylogenetic analyses based on the complete cp genome and coding sequences respectively. These results provide information to help construct the cp genome library for Salvia, which may support studies of phylogenetics, DNA barcoding, population and transplastomics.
ABSTRACT
Antibiotics are acknowledged micropollutants in wastewaters and surface waters. They are of particular concern because they can trigger an increase in resistant bacteria. Therefore, novel and efficient technology for the removal of antibiotics is urgently needed. In this study, heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction based on ferrocene (Fc) had been constructed, sulfamethazine (SMZ) was selected as target compound due to its abundance in water. The degradation kinetics, transformation pathway, and degradation products of SMZ in this system were investigated. The results showed that Fc+H2O2+UV had better degradation efficiency for SMZ than did Fc, Fc+UV, H2O2, and H2O2+UV, Fc+H2O2 systems. Radical scavenger experiments confirmed that the photogenerated OH was largely responsible for the photolytic enhancement of SMZ in the Fc+H2O2+UV system. Additionally, the electron spin resonance technique revealed that photogenerated O2- was found in the system, indicating that Fc can generate electrons under light conditions. H2O2 underwent electron disproportionation to produce OH, which promoted the degradation of SMZ. The degradation products of SMZ in the Fc+H2O2+UV system were identified by LC/LTQ-Orbitrap MS. The hydroxylation of SMZ, the removal of SO2, and the products of breaking C-S, S-N, and N-C bonds were observed. Common soluble components (such as DOM, Cl-, and Br-) in water can quench OH, thus inhibiting the photodegradation of SMZ. However, the ionic strength had no significant effect on the degradation of SMZ in the Fc+H2O2+UV system, which showed that this technique positively affected the treatment of wastewater containing high-salinity antibiotics.
Subject(s)
Metallocenes/chemistry , Sulfamethazine/chemistry , Ultraviolet Rays , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry , Catalysis , Hydrogen Peroxide , Oxidation-Reduction , Wastewater/chemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of jiangu granule (JGG) on postmenopausal osteoporosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Differential display reverse transcription PCR (DDRT-PCR) was used to detect the differentially expressed genes in bone tissues associated with therapeutic effect of JGG.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ten differentially expressed gene fragments were found, 9 of them, after cloning, sequencing and BLAST searching, were proved to be matched with highly homologous sequences in Genebank. Among them, two were known proteins: hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (RHAMM) and ATPase, Na+, K+ transporting beta 3 polypeptide (ATP1b3). It was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR that these two gene fragments could be down- and up-regulated by JGG respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The therapeutic effect of JGG in treating postmenopausal osteoporosis might be related with its regulation on the two kinds of protein, RHAMM and ATP1b3.</p>
